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The alien’s habit of laying eggs in the chest which later burst out was inspired by spider wasps, which are said to lay their eggs “in the abdomen of spiders”. This image gave Dan O’Bannon nightmares, which he used to create the story. But spider wasps pompilidae lay eggs on their prey, not inside them, after which, the wasp maggots simply snack on the sting-paralyzed spiders. O’Bannon may instead have been thinking of either ichneumon wasps, or braconid wasps.

The ichneumon drills a single egg into a wood-boring beetle larva, whereas braconids inject eggs inside certain caterpillars. Both result in fatal hatch-outs more alike to O’Bannon’s alien. Aldrich, in particular, came very close to being hired, but the producers ultimately decided against it after they met him in person, and it quickly became apparent that he had no real enthusiasm for the project beyond the money he would have received.

According to David Giler , the moment when Aldrich talked himself out of the job came when they asked him what kind of a design he had in mind for the facehugger. Aldrich simply shrugged and said, “We’ll put some entrails on the guy’s face. It’s not as if anyone’s going to remember that critter once they’ve left the theater. The murky point-of-view footage from the Nostromo’s crew’s helmet visors when they first exit their craft to investigate the alien planet was filmed by Sir Ridley Scott , walking a consumer camcorder at low level across the cramped set.

Aside from being an easy-to-remember moniker for the ship’s computer, another reason for the crew referring to it as “Mother” is the actual name of the computer: MU-TH-UR. This is printed in red lettering on the small access door that holds the computer card that Dallas and Ripley use to gain access to the control console room.

Giger successfully sued Twentieth Century Fox eighteen years later, over his lack of screen credit on Alien: Resurrection Extra scenes filmed but not included, due to pacing problems: The crew listens to the eerie signal from the planetoid. An additional discussion between Parker and Ripley over the comm, concerning the progress on the Nostromo’s engines.

A scene in which a furious Lambert hits Ripley for her earlier refusal to let her team back aboard the Nostromo. An additional conversation between Lambert and Ash, in which Lambert notices a dark patch over Kane’s lungs on the scanner, foreshadowing Kane’s fate.

A discussion among the crew, immediately following Kane’s death, on how to proceed further. Alternative death scene for Brett: Ripley and Parker witness Brett still alive being lifted from the ground. Ripley and Lambert discuss whether Ash has sex or not.

An unfinished scene, in which Parker spots the Alien next to an airlock door. He asks Ripley and Lambert over the comm to open the airlock and flush the Alien into space.

However, the alien is warned by a siren and escapes, but not before it gets injured by a door, and its blood creates a small hole, causing a short decompression. Ripley finds Dallas and Brett cocooned. Brett is dead, and covered in maggots; Dallas is alive and begs Ripley to kill him.

She does so with a flamethrower. Many of these scenes were included in the Director’s Cut, which Sir Ridley Scott made at the request of many fans who had seen those scenes as bonus material on the earlier DVD release. Sigourney Weaver had pictured the Alien as a big yellow blob chasing the Nostromo crew when she read the script, and not seeing the designs for the Alien.

The stylized artwork that Sir Ridley Scott used to create the storyboards that got Fox to double the budget were inspired by the artwork of famed French comic book artist Jean ‘Moebius’ Giraud a.

The engines of the Narcissus coming to life was created by having water pour out of showers with strong arc lights around it. This gave the illusion that it was plasma. The cast then developed “work routines” for themselves where one would trip a switch, leading another to respond to the changes at his work station and so on. Roger Dicken , who designed and operated the facehugger and the chestburster, had originally wanted the latter to pull itself out of Kane’s torso with its own little hands, a sequence he felt would have produced a much more horrifying effect than the gratuitous blood and guts in the release print.

A chestburster with tiny arms pulling itself out would be seen in Aliens One hundred thirty alien eggs were made for the egg chamber inside the downed spacecraft. Ironically, that’s exactly how the character of Ripley ended up, although it must be noted that, from the outset, she is much stronger and more resourceful than the typical horror movie “final girl”. Sir Ridley Scott originally intended for the Alien to be dying when found in the shuttle at the end, and ultimately transforming itself into a new egg.

Dan O’Bannon ‘s idea for the movie came from his experiences on two other projects. He had worked as a writer and special effects supervisor on John Carpenter ‘s Dark Star , a science fiction comedy that started out as a student project, but got turned into a feature film. Halfway during the production of the movie, O’Bannon thought the movie’s premise would work much better as a horror movie, so he started work on a script called “Star Beast”.

Dark Star was a commercial failure, but it was seen by Chilean-French director Alejandro Jodorowsky , who had acquired the rights to Frank Herbert ‘s “Dune”. Jodorowsky invited O’Bannon to help him with the book’s ambitious adaptation, so O’Bannon sold all of his belongings and moved to Paris to work on the movie. While briefly working on the ill-fated project, he encountered influential artists such as Chris Foss , Ron Cobb , Jean ‘Moebius’ Giraud a.

Moebius , H. Giger and their unique styles. When Jodorowsky’s Dune fell through due to lack of funding, O’Bannon took the creative team and worked on his Star Beast movie titled Alien at that time , using much of the designs already created for Dune. Sir Ridley Scott , one of the few who had also seen and liked Dark Star, agreed to direct. It has since been said that Alien became the movie that “Jodorowsky’s Dune” was supposed to be.

The vapor released from the top of the spacesuit helmets presumably exhausted air from the breathing apparatus was actually aerosol sprayed from inside the helmets. In one case, the mechanism broke and started spraying inside the helmet. Following the massive success of their Star Wars action figures, Kenner marketed an Alien toy for Christmas However, instead of the three to four inch size used for the Star Wars figure, the Alien figure was eighteen inches, and was not paired with figures of the Nostromo crew.

While faithful to the Giger design and featuring a hinged jaw, the figure was highly breakable. Due to parental complaints, Kenner pulled the action figure.

The character of Ash did not appear in Dan O’Bannon ‘s original script. After the first week of shooting, Dan O’Bannon asked if he could attend the viewing of the dailies, and was somewhat staggered when Gordon Carroll refused him.

To get past that ban, O’Bannon viewed the dailies by standing beside the projectionist while he screened them for everyone else. According to Sir Ridley Scott , the mechanism that was used to make the alien egg open was so strong that it could tear off a hand.

The famous chestburster scene was parodied in Spaceballs In that scene, with Sir John Hurt as Kane, and the Nostromo crew are seen eating and having a laugh over one of the crew member’s joke. Hurt starts choking. The alien bursts out of his chest, and Hurt says “Oh, no! Not again!

Many critics have commented on the exploitative nature of the scene where Ripley strips down to her underwear, for no real reason plot-wise except to be titillating for the audience, just to be attacked by the Alien once more.

James Cameron , who directed the sequel Aliens and who was a big fan of the movie, hated that one scene. In a recent interview Cameron said “I hated that scene When I saw it, I vowed if I became a director I would never make women shoot scenes like that again”.

Originally, the scene made more sense in terms of the plot. The Alien was supposed to be more of a sexual predator, and he is hiding in the ship’s machinery as Ripley strips; and at that point, when he sees her naked, being somehow triggered, he compulsively jumps out at her.

There was also going to be a weird beauty and the beast moment where naked Ripley faces off against the naked alien. Most of this was scuttled and these themes are toned down in the final film, so while the sexual undercurrents are still hinted at, ostensibly it just became the hidden alien suddenly jumping out at Ripley who is unclothed and vulnerable. The Xenomorph and the facehugger only appear on-screen for around four minutes. Director Sir Ridley Scott purposely reduced the amount of screentime of the Xenomorph to make its limited appearance all the more scary.

During this production, only H. Giger and Bolaji Badejo were permitted to view the rushes with Sir Ridley Scott , enabling them to better discuss and refine aspects of the beast’s look and movements. Sir Ridley Scott made sure that Bolaji Badejo did not take tea or lunch breaks with the rest of the cast, so that their fear of the Alien would be more genuine.

A closer look at the alien eggs in the scene right before the facehugger reveals that slime on the eggs is dripping from bottom to top. Sir Ridley Scott did this intentionally by shooting with the egg hanging from the ceiling and the camera upside down. This is the only movie in the Alien franchise in which Sigourney Weaver didn’t receive top billing.

Tom Skerritt was billed first in the credits, while Weaver was billed second. The movie’s Hungarian title translates back into English as “The eighth passenger is the Death”. All other Alien movies had titles that end with the word “death”. The original releases ignored the word “Alien” from the title, but it gradually became reinserted after more people became familiar with the franchise’s English name.

Despite this, the Alien is again referred to as “Death” in the Hungarian title of Alien vs. Predator : “The Death Against the Predator”. The first R-rated movie to receive a tie-in series of toys marketed towards children.

Three aliens were made: a model, a suit for seven foot tall Bolaji Badejo , and another suit for a trained stuntman. Giger ‘s design for the Chestburster was originally based very strongly on Francis Bacon ‘s “Three Studies for Figures at the Base of a Crucifixion”, depicting creatures that, while quite phallic, are also more birdlike, being based on the Greek Furies. Giger’s doubts about his first design were confirmed when Sir Ridley Scott fell about laughing at the sight of the prototype Chestburster, describing it as “like a plucked turkey”, and Roger Dicken ended up retooling it to resemble the now classic design.

He was not credited. At the start of production, Sir Ridley Scott had to contend with nine producers being on-set at all times, querying the length of time he was taking over each shot. Sir Ridley Scott was so bored while waiting for the budget to be determined on this movie that in his spare time, he storyboarded the entire movie, and then sent it to the studio, where they were so impressed with his vision that they doubled the budget. Dan O’Bannon requested that Sir Ridley Scott and producer Walter Hill , both of whom had little knowledge of horror or science fiction cinema, screen The Texas Chain Saw Massacre to prepare for shooting the more intense scenes.

Scott and Hill were stunned by the horror movie, and admitted it motivated them to ratchet up the intensity of their own movie. Four different cats play Jones. Shortly after the failed attempt to remove the facehugger from Kane, Ash is seen observing an embryo on a monitor. He immediately turns off the monitor when Ripley appears to question him, revealing that he knows Kane is impregnated and that he does not intend to disclose that knowledge. To simulate the thrust of engines on the Nostromo, Sir Ridley Scott had crew members shake and wobble the seats in which the actors and actresses were sitting.

Cartwright only found out that she wasn’t playing the part of Ripley when she was first called in to do some costume tests for the character of Lambert.

During production, an attempt was made to make the alien character transparent, or at least translucent. Coincidentally, this idea was later used for the title creature’s camouflage suit in Predator , which was later decided to take place in a shared universe with this movie.

The initial idea for the opening credits was to have the title made up of bits of flesh and bone, which co-writer Ronald Shusett explains was far too gory. Director Sir Ridley Scott recollects he saw the poster design for the movie, and asked that the title be used with the same font.

The grid-like flooring on the Nostromo was achieved using upturned milk crates, painted over. During the opening sequence, as the camera wanders around the corridors of the Nostromo, we can clearly see a Krups coffee grinder mounted to a wall. This is the same model that became the “Mr. Fusion” in Back to the Future Several planned but un-filmed scenes were; Dallas and Parker using a craft called “The Flying Bedstead” to enact repairs on the exterior of the ship while in space.

A sex scene between Ripley and Dallas. The crew using internal cameras to look for the Alien, where they find it halfway matured, looking something like a cross between the chestburster and an egg with feet. Dallas’ death was to take place in a huge upside down “wind tunnel” in the air duct system. Dallas looks up to see the Alien on the ceiling of this massive cylinder, where it leaps from one side to the other in a super-fast descent toward him. The Alien was to pull Ripley out of the shuttle with the grapple wire where she shoots it with a pistol and makes her way back inside before destroying it with the engines.

Yaphet Kotto Parker actually picked fights with Bolaji Badejo , who played the Alien, in order to help his on-screen hatred of the creature. The genesis of this movie arose out of Dan O’Bannon ‘s dissatisfaction with his first feature, Dark Star which John Carpenter directed in Because of that movie’s severely low budget, the alien was quite patently a beach ball.

For his second attempt, O’Bannon wanted to craft an altogether more convincing specimen. The goofiness of Dark Star also led him in the direction of an intense horror movie. There is no dialogue for the first six minutes. Jerry Goldsmith was most aggrieved by the changes that Sir Ridley Scott and editor Terry Rawlings wrought upon his score. Scott felt that Goldsmith’s first attempt at the score was far too lush, and needed to be a bit more minimalist. Goldsmith did a second attempt, but was horrified to discover that his amended score had been dropped in places by Rawlings, who inserted segments from Goldsmith’s earlier score for Freud instead, and had replaced his finale with Howard Hanson ‘s “Symphony No.

Rawlings had initially used these as a guide track only, but both he and Scott ended up preferring them to Goldsmith’s revised work. Goldsmith harbored a grudge against the two for a long time, but was later quoted as saying that “Ridley is a brilliant filmmaker and I think that was just his second film and he wasn’t as articulate then about what the music should do”.

Goldsmith’s original score was later added as an alternative audio track on several DVD and BluRay editions of the film. Peter Beale, one of the Fox executives argued with Giger over his fee, which Giger saw as insulting, and the same money paid to a high grade secretary working in Switzerland, Gordon Carrol fought in Giger’s corner, in a discussion that lasted three hours.

As Ripley goes through the shuttle start up sequence, a brief shot of a monitor appears which displays an “Environmental CTR Purge” screen. The same screen appears in Blade Runner when Gaff takes Deckard to see Bryant in his flying police car. Giger discovered that old designs were still being constructed by the art department, Giger spoke to production designer Brian Seymour, who told him he was aware things had changed, but to stop them mid construction would wreck morale, and they had to be kept busy until the new designs were ready to be built, and it was better to let them finish, then replace them.

When Giger asked what would happen to the old work, Seymour told him “scrapped”. Giger was baffled at this strange economy of waste. Sigourney Weaver was the last actor or actress to be cast. Part of her audition was shot on the movie’s sets which were in the process of being built.

She had to rush to her audition due to traffic, and her flushed appearance helped convince the makers that she would be a good candidate for Ripley. Dick story to which he had acquired the rights. O’Bannon then said that he had an idea that he was stuck on, about an alien aboard a spaceship, and that he needed some assistance. Shusett agreed to help out, and they tackled the alien movie first, as they felt it would have been the cheaper of the two to make.

The vast majority of this movie was filmed using a handheld camera. Art director Roger Christian remarked in an interview that “Eighty percent of Alien was shot on Ridley’s shoulder”, referring to the fact that Sir Ridley Scott did all the hand-held camera work himself.

This was one of the reasons why on his next movie, Blade Runner , Scott was annoyed that due to stricter rules in the USA, he couldn’t operate the camera himself. Unimpressed with the poor body cast mold made of Bolaji Badejo the actor cast to play the Alien , H. Giger was prepared to suggest a replacement before he’d met Badejo. One of his suggestions was supermodel Verushka, who Giger described as just as tall as Badejo. Reportedly, Sir Ridley Scott was open to the suggestion.

When he finally met Badejo, Giger realized that he was perfect for the Alien role, and insisted that a new body cast be made. Alison Bechdel ‘s comic “Dykes to Watch Out For” once proposed a simple test to see if a movie treated its female characters as equal members of the cast. The rule has three parts. The movie must feature 1: at least two female characters, who 2: have a conversation with each other that 3: isn’t about one of the male characters. This criteria came to be known as the Bechdel test, though Blechdel has gone on record that she got the idea from Liz Wallace.

The character in the comic says that the last movie she saw that fit these criteria was Alien. Interestingly, there was a scene filmed between Ripley and Lambert where they talk about Ash, but it ended up being deleted. However, several theories have been proposed by fans in the years since: In an emergency, it would be better to blow up an out-of-control starship hauling a colossal ore refinery rather than allow it to crash into a populated planet, colony or space station.

Contemporary space rockets include self destruct systems in case they veer off course at launch, and the system on the Nostromo could be of similar purpose although it seems likely that the Nostromo was built in orbit rather than launched from Earth.

The presence of Colonial Marines in the Alien universe implies there must be a threat or threats that the Marines were established to counter. Therefore, self destruct systems may be designed to prevent valuable equipment and technology from falling into the hands of competitors, pirates or terrorists a huge starship could be used as a devastating weapon if captured.

Did your dad buy it for you? To assist the actors and actresses in preparing for their roles, Sir Ridley Scott wrote several pages of backstory for each character, explaining their histories. He filmed many of their rehearsals in order to capture spontaneity and improvisation, and tensions between some of the cast members, particularly towards the less-experienced Sigourney Weaver , translated convincingly on film as tension between their respective characters.

Entertainment Weekly voted this as the third scariest movie of all time. Bolaji Badejo beat Peter Mayhew to the part of the alien. Mayhew had previously played a different alien, the Wookie Chewbacca in Star Wars When she was interviewed about Sir John Hurt, following his death on January 25, Sigourney Weaver stated that she had thought Sir John Hurt was really dying when they filmed the chestburster scene, and did not realize that he was acting when they filmed the sequence, and that the cast were not acting when the Alien comes out of Sir John Hurt’s chest and runs off the table.

A different version of Ash explaining to the remaining crew what his mission was had much different dialogue. According to Veronica Cartwright , Ash originally asked them if they had tried to communicate with the Xenomorph yet. There was also dialogue about the Alien being an experiment of some kind.

Originally, the crew was suppose to emerge from hypersleep completely naked, as can be seen in the storyboards. This was nixed due to concern about censorship in several markets. Giger is quoted in his book that when he presented artwork to Ridley he didn’t like, Ridley would nod thoughtfully and say, “interesting”, which Giger translated as “shit”.

The screenplay for this movie had been written for Twentieth Century Fox, but the studio was not very interested in financing a science fiction movie at the time. When “Star Wars” became a big hit, Fox was very eager to continue their recent success of space-themed science fiction movies as quickly as possible. With a finished screenplay ready for production, they wasted no time in greenlighting the project.

In order to heighten the sense of claustrophobia for the actors and actresses, director Sir Ridley Scott had the walls of the sets pushed slightly closer to each other every day. The first test screening of the movie was hampered by sound issues and only got a lukewarm reception, but by the second screening, the makers had their first indication that the movie was as scary as they had hoped.

Several of the crew members later attended screenings where audience responses surpassed their wildest predictions, including people leaving the first row and requesting places farther away from the screen; people yelling at the characters not to do certain things; cinema personnel passing out; people fleeing to toilets and stuffing the speakers there with napkins to drown out the sound; and restrooms littered with vomit.

A scene scripted, but only partially filmed, was referred to as the “Air Lock scene”. It was supposed to take place after the scene where Ripley finds out about Ash’s special order. Parker contacts Ripley and Lambert over the intercom, saying that he is watching the Alien moving in a corridor near an inner airlock door. He asks Lambert to open the inner door from the bridge, in the hope that the Alien will enter the air lock, so they can close the door and blow it out into space.

Ripley makes her way to Parker’s position, and the plan seems to work, until an alarm suddenly goes off. It startles the Alien, and as it escapes the air lock, its tail gets crushed under the inner door. Its blood causes a small hull breach, which temporarily decompresses the section, knocking Ripley and Parker unconscious.

After being revived, Ripley is convinced that Ash set off the alarm in order to protect the Alien. This leads to the scene where Ash traps and assaults Ripley her nosebleed was meant to be an aftereffect of the decompression.

Only the shots from the Nostromo’s bridge were filmed, but the remainder of the scene had to be scrapped, due to time limitations. In The Blue Planet , David Attenborough said the Alien was modelled after the Phronima, a creature spotted by submersibles at great depths. However, there is little evidence to support this claim.

The original Alien design was based on a previous painting by H. Giger , Necronom IV, which bears little resemblance to the Phronima. Giger’s agent, Bijan Aalam , claims “He never inspired himself by any animals, terrestrial or marine. Some of the Nostromo’s corridors were created from portions of scrapped bomber aircraft, and a mirror was used to create the illusion of longer corridors in the below-deck area. Giger was appalled at the failed translation of his ideas in England, and stayed only to keep things on track with his designs.

When the script was originally optioned, Robert Altman was first choice to direct with Sir Ridley Scott as the fifth choice. In a preview of the bonus feature menus for the “Alien Legacy” box set posted to USENET, the bio for Dallas had him as being born female and Lambert as being born male, suggesting gender reassignment before the events in the movie. Negative fan reaction prompted this to be changed before production of the DVDs. Their bios now display their gender with “natural” in brackets behind it, implying that gender reassignment is a fairly common procedure in the future.

The sets of the Nostromo’s three decks were each created almost entirely in one piece, with each deck occupying a separate stage and the various rooms connected via corridors. To move around the sets, the actors and actresses had to navigate through the hallways of the ship, adding to the movie’s sense of claustrophobia and realism.

The sets used large transistors and low-resolution computer screens, to give the ship a “used”, industrial look, and make it appear as though it was constructed of “retrofitted old technology”. This added to the visual idea of a “used future”, where future technology is presented as lived-in, having been around and used for years, rather than being pristine and brand-new.

Walter Hill ‘s re-write included making two of the characters female and adding a romantic subplot that was deleted as well as altering much of the dialogue written by Dan O’Bannon and Ronald Shusett.

The original dialogue had been described as “poetic”, but Hill dismissed it as pretentious and obscure. A picture of Jonesy, the ship’s cat, as a kitten is seen on a computer terminal in the Nostromo. Absolutely,” said Ridley Scott answering anyone who might question why Ripley would go back for Jones the cat. The name of “the company” that the crew work for is “Weylan-Yutani” the spelling was changed to “Weyland-Yutani” in Aliens and later movies.

The name can be seen on a computer monitor, as well as on a beer can, from which Dallas drinks, during the crew meal. The light blue “wings” emblem seen in several places, most notably Ash’s uniform, is intended to be W-Y’s logo the logo was also changed for the later movies. The Alien was to be transparent, until H. Giger’s team began to run out of time. Following a disastrous failed cooking of the molds, the team decided, in a car park, that the Alien would be standard latex, as the production would suffer huge costs if they didn’t meet the looming deadline.

The Alien murdering Brett was the first scene shot with the finalized Alien costume and mechanical head. He states Almost this world could easily be the city Los Angeles “The City of Angels” that supports, the crew that go out in Alien.

In other words, the crew of Alien comes back in, they may go into this place and go into a bar on a street near where Deckard lives.

That’s how I thought about it. Originally, in the end lifeboat scene, the Alien was meant to be latched onto the ceiling of the vehicle until Ripley sees it, but Sir Ridley Scott felt this was too similar to what happened with Brett, so it was changed. Ridley would always use Gigers Necronomicon book to explain the kind of designs he wanted to Giger, who was gratified, as he was using his own designs instead of having to copy another artist’s strange designs.

Harry Dean Stanton ‘s first words to Sir Ridley Scott during his audition were “I don’t like science fiction or monster movies. Giger’s first attempt at an egg had the top with one long slit across it, when he presented it to Scott, the department head burst out laughing, as it looked far too much like a woman’s vagina, the slit was duplicated at a ninety degree angle, to make it more like an “X”, which satisfied everyone.

Sir Ridley Scott has recently said that the Blade Runner movies share a universe with the Alien film franchise, which of course shares a universe with Prometheus Even beyond that, the Alien and Predator franchises share a universe as well, as shown in the Alien vs.

Predator movies. In total, this means that five different movie franchises Blade Runner two movies , Alien four movies , Prometheus two movies , Predator four movies , and Alien vs Predator two movies share a universe. This also means that there are a total of fourteen movies in this franchise. The reason for most of the movie having hand held shots was down to the close confines of the sets. Tracks and dolly movements were too fast or too wide, so were replaced with hand held instead.

Giger was asked by a Shepperton Studios manager if he would front the cost for frames for all of his paintings. Giger refused, and instead offered to fly economy instead of first class on all of his flights, they complimented him on his head for business. Originally, the plan for the Alien’s transparent head was for it to be filled with living maggots.

Originally, the lighting plan for this movie was to have everything pre-lit, so they wouldn’t have to rearrange lighting from shot to shot, but director Sir Ridley Scott soon realized it was looking very television-ish, with an even all-round, fit-for-everything lighting plan. Also, actors and actresses would wind up moving in parts of the set that weren’t lit well enough, so they went back to normal lighting set-ups for each angle, with much of the lights coming from light sources built into the sets themselves.

The shuttlecraft is called the “Narcissus”, from the title of another Joseph Conrad book. Fiona Latto who worked as Bray Studio manager’s secretary said when Ridley ran out of money there was a meeting between him and the big knobs who wanted to pull the plug as the money had run out. In a furious rant Ridley thumped the table with his forefinger and promptly broke it sideways. Fiona had to rush out of the meeting, down to the bar and return with a glass filled with ice that she gave to Ridley.

He dutifully stuck his finger in the glass and carried on shouting as if nothing had happened. Veronica Cartwright had originally auditioned to play Ripley, but producers opted for Sigourney Weaver instead. Weaver was initially more interested in playing Lambert because in the early screenplay, Lambert was written as a wise-cracking character.

In later re-writes, the role of Lambert became much more subdued and serious, and was given to Cartwright. A lawsuit by A. John Hurt recalled how he and Veronica Cartwright were nearly poisoned while filming the exterior shots of the planetoid. At one point during shooting, tubes broke on their suits causing some kind of aerosol to leak into their helmets. They both struggled from fainting, but were assured it was all very safe. Hurt was less than convinced.

It was also originally intended for the destruction of the Nostromo to be the finale of the film, that Ripley would record her sign-off just after this moment.

However, Ridley Scott felt there needed to be an additional scene after this to show the death of the alien. He calls it the “fourth act” and notes how, up to that point, thrillers such as this didn’t have this final moment of suspense before the very end. After this film, many screenplays picked up this element.

At the premiere of the movie, religious zealots set fire to the model of the Alien Xenomorph , believing it to be the work of the devil. Giger met with monster maker Roger Dicken. Giger was warned he was a prickly character by Scott, and not to criticize his work. Giger was horrified when Dickens confessed he found Gigers work repulsive abortions, and the creature should be beautiful. In a blind rage, Giger told Scott and Carroll he would do the monster work himself.

The studio agreed, but only if he focused on the main Alien and left the other creations to Dicken. Cinematographer Derek Van Lint found the lighting issues on the Alien, the monitors, LEDs, fluorescents, and standard incandescent lights, all had various color temperatures, so getting them to match on camera, was an enormous technical challenge.

The scene where the Alien enters the room and approaches Lambert was trimmed down and re-shot. Originally, it was filmed in wide shots, showing the full Alien as it approached Lambert while walking on all fours, belly-up. Sir Ridley Scott felt it made the Xenomorph appear too human in configuration, so it was re-shot mainly with close-ups, and far less focus on the Alien. The alien nest lair is flanked by walls that have portals with a distinct “vaginal” similarities.

Some have noted that the “facehugger” appears to be a fusion of male and female sex organs, most predominantly female. Swiss painter H. Giger ‘s artwork is often interpreted as being overtly sexual in nature.

Apparently he had just seen her onstage and recommended her wholeheartedly to producer David Giler. The early screenplay by Dan O’Bannon and Ronald Shusett contained the Alien, the derelict ship, the Space Jockey, but also an ancient pyramid-like structure on the planet’s surface full of alien eggs more shaped like canisters , where the crew of the Nostromo was to encounter the facehugger.

The notion was that the pyramid, eggs, facehuggers, and Alien would all be indigenous to the planet, and the Aliens had decimated the original civilization. The derelict ship had landed much later on the planet, and its pilot, the Space Jockey, had become an unfortunate victim of the facehugger.

The pyramid was written out by producers David Giler and Walter Hill in subsequent script versions; they didn’t like the ancient civilization, so they replaced it with sophisticated government installations, weapon testing grounds and an army bunker. O’Bannon and Shusett were not amused by these alterations, since they had already enlisted Swiss artist H.

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They are immune to fatigued and exhausted defenses apart from Toughness and Fortitude, if conditions, but cannot exert extra effort. Creatures they are alive. They have chapter. They have no Fortitude defense. Animate, but nonliving, constructs such as ro- instinct or pre-programmed instructions. Anything bots or zombies have Strength, Agility, and Dexterity, and with no Intellect is immune to mental effects and in- may have ranks of Awareness and Presence if aware of teraction skills and has no Will defense.

It is an in- since they are not living things. See Constructs in the animate object, not a creature. For more on defenses in general and how you use them, see Chapter 8. It includes reac- Will defense is based on Awareness rank. It measures tion time, quickness, nimbleness, and overall coordina- mental stability, level-headedness, determination, self- tion, used to avoid ranged attacks or other hazards where confidence, self-awareness, and willpower, used to resist reflexes and speed are important.

It associated abilities. You can increase your defenses above incorporates constitution, ruggedness, metabolism, and the values granted by your ability ranks by spending pow- immunity.

Parry defense is based on Fighting. This reflects that greater-than-normal Toughness is virtually always some sort of special ability. See the Advantages and Powers chapters for various options for improving Toughness, notably the De- fensive Roll advantage and the Protection effect.

Limits on your mobility, focus, and reac- tion time adversely affect them. If you are vulnerable, your Dodge and Parry defense ranks are halved divide their normal values by 2 and round up , and if you are defense- less, they are both reduced to 0!

So you might make a Fortitude re- sistance check for your hero to overcome a toxin, for ex- ample, or a Dodge resistance check to avoid a trap just as it is triggered, and so on. Each skill has a rank, used as a bonus to the die roll when using the skill. To make a skill check, roll:. Determine the degree of suc- trained in that skill. You can use some skills even if you cess normally and then increase it by one degree.

Some skills may not be used untrained. If you use a skill untrained, the Give your hero skill ranks by spending power points: 2 skill ability modifier still applies to the skill check. Skill ranks do not all need to be as- signed to the same skill.

You can split them between differ- ent skills. Those Miscellaneous modifiers to skill checks include modifiers with the right combinations of skills and advantages can for circumstances, and bonuses from advantages or pow- even hold their own against super-powered opponents. The higher the total, the better the result. Based on the circumstances, your result must match or beat a particular number to use the skill successfully. The harder the task, the higher the number you need to roll.

See Checks, page 12, for more information. Many skills can only be used if you are trained in them. Attempts to have, you make a skill check as normal. Safe to say the character is a pro, able to routinely han- dle tasks that would prove too much for someone less skilled.

The GM decides if a particular use of an interaction skill is effective against a group, and may Certain skills, called interaction skills, are aimed at deal- apply modifiers depending on the situation. The general ing with others through social interaction. Interaction rules for interaction still apply: everyone in the group skills allow you to influence the attitudes of others and get must be able to hear and understand you, for example, or them to cooperate with you in one way or another.

Since you suffer a —5 on your skill check against them. Mindless interaction skills are intended for dealing with others so- subjects are unaffected, as usual. First, you must be able to interact with the subject s of the skill. You need prehensile limbs reason, you have a —5 circumstance penalty to your skill and a Strength rank or some suitable Precise power effect check see Circumstance Modifiers in The Basics. If your physical ma- Interaction skills work best on intelligent subjects, ones nipulation capabilities are impaired in some fashion such with an Intellect rank of —4 or better.

Characters lacking the ability your point. Try convincing use them to oversee or assist the work of others see Team a rock to be your friend—or afraid of you—sometime. Checks, page Characters may be able to use skills for tasks other than those given here.

The GM sets the DC and decides the results in those cases. The format for skill descriptions is given here. Some skills may have trained only aspects, in which case Skill Name: What the skill is called.

GMs may feel free to this notation is still listed, and the untrained aspects are change the names of some skills to better suit the style of called out in the skill description. See the skill description for details. See the entry on Expertise for more information. Not having the proper tools is a —5 circum- 15 Balance beam stance penalty to the skill check see Circumstance Modi- 20 Tightrope fiers, page You are vulnerable while balancing. If your at- degrees of failure usually means you slip and end up tempt to catch someone else gets more than one degree prone and may suffer additional effects, depending on of failure, you fall as well.

A successful acrobatic maneuver may provide you a circumstance bonus on certain follow-up actions, if the GM sees fit. A 10 A rope failed check means you remain prone.

A —10 An air duct, chimney, or other area fall reduced to rank 0 damage does no damage and you where you can brace against two quickly roll to your feet as a free action. Otherwise, you are opposite walls prone at the end of a fall. Any time you fail a resistance check while climb-. Failure means you fall. Attempting such a climb without tools incurs a —5 ing animal mounts, and swimming.

A fall with a dam- slope, wall, or other steep incline at your ground speed age rank of 0 or less, such as a fall of 6 feet or less, inflicts rank minus 2 as a move action. A perfectly smooth, flat, no damage. You are prone at the end of a fall. A failed Athletics check indicates you make no progress, JUMPING and two or more degrees of failure means you fall from whatever height you attained unless you are secured The result of an Athletics check is the distance in feet with a safety harness or other equipment.

Make an Ath- you can clear in a running long-jump. If you make a stand- ing jump, divide the distance in half. A successful DC 10 Athletics check allows you to swim So a hero might have Close Combat: Swords, but Close your ground speed rank minus 2 as a move action. If the Combat: Melee Weapons is too broad. Close Combat: Un- check fails, you make no progress through the water dur- armed is an option, meaning skill with unarmed strikes ing the action. With more than one degree of failure, you like punches and kicks.

However, this bonus does not ap- go under. If underwater, you must hold your breath to ply to other forms of unarmed combat maneuvers, includ- avoid drowning see page Deception is the skill of getting others to believe what you want them to believe. It covers things like acting, bluffing, fast-talk, trickery, and subterfuge.

Two circumstances can a serious risk. Some people pick up ranks in Per- ception, although most get by using the skill untrained. These additional skills help round out a character and provide some background color and—who knows? A scientist is likely to have ranks in Technology. A pilot should have Vehicles, while a doctor should have Treatment in addition to Expertise: Physician. A few ranks in such skills may be a smart investment.

If the eavesdropper gets at least two degrees of suc- cess, he also understands the message. Whether trying to send or pick up on a message, more than one degree of You can use makeup, costumes, and other props to change failure on the check means the receiver misinterprets the your appearance.

Your Deception check result determines message in some fashion. You can use Deception to mislead an opponent into taking Disguise is heavily dependent on circumstances: favor- a potentially unwise action, such as trying to hit you while able ones include appropriate costuming and a subject standing in front of an electrical junction box or at the edge resembling your normal appearance, while unfavorable of a precipice.

If your Deception check opposed by Decep- circumstances include disguising yourself as a member tion or Insight succeeds, your opponent is heedless of the of a different race or sex, or not having sufficient props potential danger and may hit the junction box or lose his which can be up to a —5 modifier. If you are imperson- balance and fall, if his attack against you fails.

On the other ating a particular individual, anyone who knows that hand, if the attack succeeds, it might slam you into the junc- individual gets a circumstance bonus to the Perception tion box or send you flying off the edge. Expertise is a broad skill encompassing knowledge and training in a variety of specialized fields, particularly pro- FEINTING fessional disciplines and scholarship. Each is considered a separate skill and training in each is acquired separately, You can use Deception as a standard action to mislead an so a former police officer turned district attorney might opponent in combat.

If your Deception check succeeds, the tar- If you are trained in an Expertise, you can practice and get is vulnerable against your next attack, until the end of make a living at it. The GM sets DCs for specific tasks using the You can use Deception to send covert messages using guidelines provided in The Basics chapter under Checks, word-play and double-meanings while apparently talking keeping in mind that most job-related checks should be about other things.

The DC for a basic message is Com- considered routine see Routine Checks in that section. The recipi- You can also make Expertise checks to see if your charac- ent of the message must make a Insight check against the ter knows the answer to a particular question related to same DC to understand it.

So, for example, a police detec- tive is going to be trained in Investigation and probably Insight and Perception in addition to Expertise: Police Anyone listening in on your innuendo can attempt a In- Officer, the same for an intrepid reporter with Expertise: sight check against the message DC. If successful, the Journalism. A scientist might be trained in Technology eavesdropper notices a message hidden in your conversa-. In this case the Gamemaster may prefer players limit themselves to only what Expertise skills their heroes have rather than what they may or may not know about a given situation.

See the Hero Points section for guidelines. This list is by no means exhaustive, the GM should feel free to add to or modify this list as needed to suit the game and the characters in it. Example: Figuring out a particular clue involving a government conspiracy requires an Investigation or Expertise: Poli- tics check. Expertise: Journalism might suffer a —5 penalty, but could still be useful especially if the character works a legal or political beat as a reporter , while Expertise: Cooking is no help at all, and cannot be used for the check unless the player comes up with a very clever explanation!

Performance true intent. You can also use the skill to tell when someone is skills, such as acting or music, may rely on Presence. The behaving oddly or for assessing trustworthiness. GM sets the ability modifier as needed for the specific Ex- pertise check. Success means you pick up on a flaw in the illusion, tions in the Characteristics chapter. See the Illusion effect in the Powers chapter for details.

If you succeed, you no-. Two or more degrees of sight or Will defense whichever has the highest bonus. If failure on either check mean you misinterpret the signs, your check succeeds, you may treat the target as friendly, so the GM may make these checks for you in secret. If your target clearly has a superior position, you suffer a circumstance penalty. Make an Insight check when called to do so to resist or With more than one degree of failure on your check, the overcome the effects of certain interaction skills, such target may actually do the opposite of what you want!

Suc- as Deception or Intimidation. Make an Intimi- dation check as a standard action. If it succeeds, your tar- get is impaired a —2 circumstance penalty on checks un- til the end of your next round. With four or more degrees of success, the target is disabled a —5 penalty until the end of your next round. If the group has you at a disadvantage, you suffer the usual circum- stance penalty on your check.

Compare your check re- sult against a single resistance check made by the GM for the entire group. Your Intimidation check must have the same effect on every member of the group that is, you cannot demoralize some and coerce others, for ex- ample.

Example: Rocky is facing down Pack-Rat in one of his many bolt holes around Emerald City when the big rat commands a pack of his street thieves to keep Rocky from following him.

The street kids are all Thugs, so they have a resistance rank of 0 their Insight and Will ranks are tied. Since Rocky is attempting the same effect on every member of the group, he makes a single opposed check.

You know how to search for and study clues, gather in- formation through interviews and surveillance, and ana- lyze evidence to help solve crimes. The GM may make In- vestigation checks for you in secret, so you do not know exactly what you have found, or if you may have missed something. Perception allows you to immediately notice things, while an Investigation check allows you to pick up on details with some effort.

This assumes no obvious reasons exist why information would be withheld. The degree of the To determine how long it takes to search a given area, take check result determines the completeness and detail of the total area measurement in square feet, yards, or miles , the information.

Information ranges from general to pro- find the time measurement for that distance, and add 2. Searching a square mile takes the time rank of 1 mile rank 8 , plus 2, or two hours time rank Two Specific. If the check fails, an mors, gossip, and the like. With more than one degree question.

This function of Investigation does not give you clues where none exist. It simply allows Failure on the Investigation check means you waste time you to extract useful information from evidence and clues turning up nothing of value.

An additional degree of failure you have found. The base DC 15, modified by the time elapsed since the evidence was left, and whether or not the scene was dis- turbed. For actively following a subject, see Tailing in the Stealth skill description. So hearing a noise from 50 feet away is a types.

Noticing something obvious to a sense is DC 0. Less obvious things are DC 10 or so, hidden things DC 20 or more, and discerning details requires at least three de- The GM usually makes Perception checks secretly so you grees of success, as usual.

The common sorts of Perception You can make a Perception check every time you have the checks are: opportunity to notice something new. Various sensory effects provide modifiers on Perception Make a check against a DC based on how loud the noise checks see the Powers chapter for details.

Normal conversa- tion is DC 0, a soft noise DC Something in all of which helps to get your point across, make a good plain sight is DC 0, while something subtle or easily over- impression, negotiate, and generally win people over to looked may be DC 5, 10 or more. Visual perception is also your way of seeing things. Non-player characters each have an initial attitude to- You can make Perception checks involving other sense wards you or your cause.

Most of the time,. The GM may consider you ferent attitude. Hostile or interfere with you. Ranged Combat: Throwing is an option and in- cludes both thrown weapons and objects a character sim- Acts as socially expected Indifferent ply picks up and throws.

The bonus from a Ranged Combat skill applies only to at- Will chat, advise, Favorable tack checks with the particular attack, not to defenses. For and offer limited help.

Persuading someone is at least a standard action, usually quite a bit longer. Stage magicians use Sleight of Example: The heroes must convince the imperi- Hand legitimately as a performance skill, but it is most ous King of Atlantis that the surface world is not commonly known for its criminal applications.

The he- roes try to convince the king further, but any ad- You can use Slight of Hand to contort your body. Make a ditional checks need at least the same degree of DC 30 Sleight of Hand check to fit through a tight space success as the first to get his attitude to favorable, wide enough for your head but too narrow for the width where he is willing to call off the attack, and more of your shoulders, or to reach through an opening wide than one degree of failure on any check moves his enough for your hand, but too narrow for your arm.

This takes at least a minute per check. The bouncing Escaping from a grab is an Acrobatics or Athletics check. Bandit has no fear of the rent-a-cop, so he decides See Grab in the Conflict section and Contorting, previ- to have some fun. He has Skill Mastery for his Stealth ously, for details. A whopping 19 plus 12 for a total of 31!

A good roll, but no enough. While using Stealth, you ception check and notices the attempt if his check result can move at your speed rank minus 1 with no penalty. Us- go unnoticed. Stealth to remain undetected. You can run around a corner so you are out of sight and then use Stealth, but others know which way you went. Of course, if on its complexity, as shown on the Building Items table. If the check fails, you did not pro- relative to that person.

More than one degree of failure on the check may you the momentary distraction needed to make a Stealth produce an accident or other unfortunate side-effect at check while people are aware of you. This check, however, is at a —5 You can also use Technology to repair damaged items, with penalty because you have to move quickly. Failure on the check means you spend the time, but make no progress. You can use Stealth to tail someone at your normal Two or more degrees of failure may indicate further dam- speed.

This assumes you have some cover or conceal- age to the item or an accident similar to building it. If the subject is worried about being followed, he can make a Percep- You can reduce the time rank to build or repair an item by tion check opposed by your Stealth check every time 1 by taking a —5 penalty to your skill check. If the subject notices you, make a Deception check, opposed by Insight.

If you You can also attempt jury-rigged, or temporary, repairs. A failed Deception check, total of —10 to the DC to build the item , and allows you to or being noticed a second time, means the subject knows make the Technology check as a standard action. Howev- something is up and reacts accordingly.

Without the proper tools or equipment, you take a the structure. This requires at least a minute and a DC 10 —5 penalty to Technology checks for highly unfavorable Technology check. Failure means the explosive does not go off as planned, while more than one degree of failure means the charge goes off while you are setting it! In all cases, the explosive deals normal damage to all other targets. You can make an explosive device more difficult to dis- arm.

To do so, choose a disarm difficulty class before mak- ing your check to set the detonator. Your DC to set the detonator is the desired disarm DC. Failure means the explosive fails to go off as planned. Two or more degrees of failure mean the explosive goes off as the detonator is being installed! Disarming an explosive also requires a Technology check. The DC is usually 10, unless the person who set the deto- nator chose a higher disarm DC previously.

If you fail the check, you do not disarm the explosive. With more than a degree of failure, the explosive goes off. Setting or disarm- ing a detonator is a standard action. See Inventing, page , for details. The Gamemaster sets the DC of the check based on the level of security:.

Failure on your skill check means nothing happens, but you can keep trying. More than one degree of failure sets off the security or trap, if it is possible to do so. The check DC and effect of Treatment depend on the task: As a standard action, a successful Treatment check stabi- lizes a dying character.

Each time the character makes a resistance check against 15 Provide long-term care. If your subject has a particularly unusual biology an alien, for example you may also suffer a circumstance Use this skill to operate vehicles, from ground vehicles like penalty. You can use the Treatment skill on yourself, but only to diagnose, provide care, or treat disease or poison. Make a check only when operating the vehicle in a stressful or DIAGNOSIS dramatic situation like being chased or attacked, or trying to reach a destination in a limited amount of time.

You can diagnose injuries and ailments with an eye to- You can also make Vehicle checks to perform various ma- ward further treatment. This takes at least a minute. You can provide care for up to your Challenging bootlegger reverse, Treatment rank in patients at one time. The check to revive is a standard action. A suc- mounts. For that, use the Expertise: Riding skill, based on cessful check removes the condition.

Other conditions Agility, with the same guidelines as given for Vehicles skill the patient may have remain, so reviving someone inca- checks. You is in the modern world. Advantages cost 1 power point per rank.

Some advantages have no ranks and are acquired only once, effectively at rank 1. It also says if the advantage can be acquired in ranks and the effects of doing so.

Your opponent op- formed. The effects of additional interaction skills on animals normally, and do not have to ranks of the advantage if any are noted in the text of speak a language the animal understands; you commu- each advantage.

Characters not have the advantage for comparison. See Magical Inventions, page , for details. Accurate Attack Trade effect DC for attack bonus. All-out Attack Trade active defense for attack bonus. Chokehold Suffocate an opponent you have successfully grabbed. Defensive Attack Trade attack bonus for active defense bonus. Evasion Circumstance bonus to avoid area effects. Fast Grab Make a free grab check after an unarmed attack.

Favored Environment Circumstance bonus to attack or defense in an environment. Grabbing Finesse Substitute Dex for Str when making grab attacks. Improved Aim Double circumstance bonuses for aiming. Improved Disarm No penalty for the disarm action. Improved Grab Make grab attacks with one arm. Not vulnerable while grabbing. Improved Hold —5 circumstance penalty to escape from your holds.

Improved Smash No penalty for the smash action. Improved Trip No penalty for the trip action. Move-by Action Move both before and after your standard action. Power Attack Trade attack bonus for effect bonus.

Precise Attack Ignore attack check penalties for either cover or concealment. Prone Fighting No penalties for fighting while prone. Quick Draw Draw a weapon as a free action. Redirect Use Deception to redirect a missed attack at another target. Set-up Transfer the benefit of an interaction skill to an ally.

Takedown Free extra attack when you incapacitate a minion. Uncanny Dodge Not vulnerable when surprised or caught off-guard. Weapon Bind Free disarm attempt when you actively defend.

Weapon Break Free smash attack when you actively defend. Leadership Spend a hero point to remove a condition from an ally. Luck Re-roll a die roll once per rank. Seize Initiative Spend a hero point to go first in the initiative order. Ultimate Effort Spend a hero point to get an effective 20 on a specific check. Benefit Gain a significant perquisite or fringe benefit. Diehard Automatically stabilize when dying. Equipment 5 points of equipment per rank.

Extraordinary Effort Gain two benefits when using extra effort. Fearless Immune to fear effects. Instant Up Stand from prone as a free action.

Interpose Take an attack meant for an ally. Minion Gain a follower or minion with 15 x rank power points. Second Chance Re-roll a failed check against a hazard once.

Sidekick Gain a sidekick with 5 x rank power points. Trance Go into a deathlike trance that slows bodily functions. Animal Empathy Use interaction skills normally with animals. Artificer Use Expertise: Magic to create temporary magical devices.

Attractive Circumstance bonus to interaction based on your looks. Connected Call in assistance or favors with a Persuasion check. Contacts Make an initial Investigation check in one minute. Daze Use Deception or Intimidation to daze an opponent. Fascinate Use an interaction skill to entrance others. Favored Foe Circumstance bonus to checks against a type of opponent. Hide in Plain Sight Hide while observed without need for a diversion.

Improvised Tools No penalty for using skills without tools. Inventor Use Technology to create temporary devices. Jack-of-all-trades Use any skill untrained. Languages Speak and understand additional languages.

Ritualist Use Expertise: Magic to create and perform rituals. Skill Mastery Make routine checks with one skill under any conditions. Startle Use Intimidation to feint in combat. Taunt Use Deception to demoralize in combat. Tracking Use Perception to follow tracks. Well-informed Immediate Investigation or Persuasion check to know something. These temporary skill ranks last for the If you successfully grab and restrain an opponent see duration of the scene and grant you their normal benefits.

Grab, page , you can apply a chokehold, causing your opponent to begin suffocating for as long as you continue to restrain your target see Suffocation, page Your total attack bonus is still limited by 1 point see Feature in the Powers chapter. It should also power level. This advantage best suits characters with a be significant enough to cost at least 1 power point.

An level of overall close combat skill armed and unarmed. For capability with a particular type of attack, use the A license to practice law or medicine, on the other hand, Close Combat skill.

You know people who can help you out from time to time. Benefits may come in ranks for improved levels of the It might be advice, information, help with a legal matter, or same benefit. The GM is the final arbiter as to what does access to resources.

You can call in such favors by making a and does not constitute a Benefit in the setting. Keep in Persuasion check. The GM sets the DC of the check, based mind some qualities may constitute Benefits in some se- on the aid required. A simple favor is DC 10, ranging up to ries, but not in others, depending on whether or not they DC 25 or higher for especially difficult, dangerous, or ex- have any real impact on the game.

You can spend a hero point to automatically secure the favor, if the GM allows it. Use of this advantage always requires at The following are some potential Benefits. The GM is free least a few minutes and often much longer and the means to choose any suitable Benefit for the series.

All another nation can do Make a skill check as a standard action against your tar- is deport you to your home nation. The ability to Daze with De- equipment and personnel. Examples include nobility, knight- hood, aristocracy, and so forth. You can combine various advantages to create specific styles or allow players to mix-and-match to design their own unique styles.

Any of these fighting styles might include ranks of the Close Attack advantage. Such superhuman martial arts abilities as leaping vast distances, punching through solid stone, shrugging off damage, and killing with a mere touch are powers. You receive a bonus to your Toughness equal to your advantage rank, but it is considered an active de- You have 5 points per rank in this advantage to spend on fense similar to Dodge and Parry see Active Defenses in equipment.

This includes vehicles and headquarters. Your total Toughness, its costs. Many heroes rely almost solely on Equipment in including this advantage, is still limited by power level. Spending ber things, including resistance checks against effects that a hero point at the start of your next turn reduces the cost alter or erase memories. You can also make Expertise skill of your extraordinary effort to merely fatigued, the same checks to answer questions and provide information as as a regular extra effort.

Choose Decep- Strength bonus, to make grab attacks. You are not vulner- tion, Intimidation, or Persuasion when you acquire this able while grabbing. See Grab, page , for details. This advantage. If you succeed, the target is environments, and to resist suffocation and drowning. The effect ends when you stop performing, the target suc- cessfully resists, or any immediate danger presents itself.

You can hide see Hiding under Stealth in the Skills chapter without any need for a Deception or Intimida- You may take this advantage more than once. Each time, it tion check or any sort of diversion, and without penalty applies to a different skill.

When you hit with an unarmed attack you can immedi- ately make a grab check against that opponent as a free action see Grab, page Examples include in the air, underwater, in space, in extreme heat or cold, in jungles or woodlands, and so forth. Choose at the start of the round whether chosen when you acquire this advantage by 1, allow- the bonus applies to attack or defense.

The choice remains ing you to score a critical hit on a natural 19 or Only until the start of your next round. This circumstance bonus a natural 20 is an automatic hit, however, and an attack is not affected by power level.

It may be a type of creature aliens, animals, constructs, mutants, undead, etc. This circumstance bonus is not limited by power level. Powers chapter. This is a good martial the other free. You can also maintain the grab while using arts advantage for unarmed fighters. Op- tools at all, you suffer only a —2 penalty.

Your maximum Damage bonus is You have no penalty to attack checks to hit an object held still limited by power level, as usual. The inspiration bonus ignores power. Completely illiterate characters are faced with a potential Disability complication during the game. Multiple uses of Inspire do not stack, only the highest bonus applies. You can go from prone to standing as a free action with- out the need for an Acrobatics skill check.

With one rank in this advantage, you know an additional Once per round, when an ally within range of your nor- language. For each additional rank, you double your ad- mal movement is hit by an attack, you can choose to place ditional known languages: two at rank 2, four at rank 3, yourself between the attacker and your ally as a reaction, eight at rank 4, etc.

So a character with Languages 7 is flu- making you the target of the attack instead. The attack ent in 64 languages! Characters are assumed to be fluent hits you rather than your ally, and you suffer the effects in any languages they know, including being able to read normally. You cannot use this advantage against area ef- and write in them. For the ability to understand any language, see the Com- prehend effect in the Powers chapter.

Your presence reassures and lends courage to your allies. As a standard action, you can spend a hero point to re-. Gamemasters should Once per round, you can choose to re-roll a die roll, like allow players with characters fluent in other languages spending a hero point see Hero Points, page 20 , includ- the occasional opportunity to show them off or put them to good use. If you specifically set up the language barrier ing adding 10 to re-rolls of 10 or less.

You can do this a as an obstacle by confronting the heroes with a language number of times per game session equal to your Luck they cannot possibly understand, that should count as a rank, with a maximum rank of half the series power level complication and be worth a hero point. The GM may choose to set a different limit on ranks in this advantage, depending on the series. You have a follower or minion. Your minions this advantage. Your total attack bonus is still limited by if capable of independent thought automatically have a power level.

They are subject to the nor- mal rules for minions see page Any lost minions are as a reaction. The new target must be adjacent to you and replaced in between adventures with other followers with within range of the attack. If you fail a When you make close or ranged attacks choose one you check against that hazard, you can make another imme- ignore attack check penalties for cover or concealment diately and use the better of the two results.

You only get choose one , although total cover still prevents you from one second chance for any given check, and the GM de- making attacks. Each additional rank in this advantage lets cides if a particular hazard or skill is an appropriate focus you choose an additional option, so with Precise Attack 4, for this advantage.

You can take this advantage multiple all your attacks both close and ranged ignore penalties times, each for a different hazard.

You may only do so at the start of com- You suffer no circumstance penalty to attack checks for bat, when you would normally make your initiative check. You can transfer the benefits of a successful combat use of an interaction skill to your teammate s. Each rank in than Intimidation see Demoralize under the Intimida- the advantage lets you transfer the benefit to one ally.

The tion skill description , disparaging and undermining con- interaction skill check requires its normal action, and the fidence rather than threatening. Targets resist using De- affected allies must be capable of interacting with you or ception, Insight, or Will defense. When you You have another character serving as your partner and support a team check see Team Checks in The Basics aide.

This bonus also applies to the Aid action and series power level. Your sidekick is an NPC, but automatically helpful and loyal to you. Instead, you must rank in this advantage. Sidekicks advantage rank or Strength see Ranged in the Powers also do not have hero points, but you can spend your own chapter. Sidekicks are not minions, but full-fledged characters, so they are not subject to the minion rules. Choose a skill. This advantage does not allow you to make routine checks with skills that do not normally allow Through breathing and bodily control, you can slip into a you to do so.

You can take this advantage multiple times deep trance. This takes a minute of uninterrupted medi- for different skills. Poison and disease effects are suspended for the dura- Targets resist with Insight, Intimidation, or Will defense. You are aware of your surroundings while in trance and can If you render a minion incapacitated with an attack, you come out of it at any time at will.

You cannot take any ac- get an immediate extra attack as a free action against an- tions while in the trance, but your GM may allow mental other minion within range and adjacent to the previous communication while in a trance. The extra attack is with the same attack and bonus as the first. This adjacent minion targets, moving between attacks if nec- is not a natural 20, but is treated as a roll of 20 in all other essary to do so. You cannot move more than your total respects. You choose the particular check the advantage.

You can take Ultimate Effort multiple times, each time, it applies to a different check. The GM is free to add others suitable to the series.

Since the Ultimate Aim bonus is not a natural 20, it also does not qualify as an auto- matic or critical hit. You are not vulnera- ble when surprised or otherwise caught off-guard. You are still made vulnerable by effects that limit your mobility. The disarm attempt is carried out normally, including the attacker getting the opportunity to disarm you.

When encountering an individual, group, or organization for the first time, you can make an immediate Investigation or Persuasion skill check to see if your character has heard something about the subject. Use the guidelines for gathering information in the Investigation skill description to determine the lev- el of information you gain.

You receive only one check per subject upon first encountering them, although the GM may allow another upon encountering the subject again once significant time has passed. This chapter describes these and many other powers and how you can create your own. A power is made up of one or more effects, possibly with different modifiers, which increase or decrease the cost of the effects.

Effects can be used to create any number of different powers. A hero with the Concealment effect see page could use it to create a power called Blending, Blur, Cloak, Invisibility, Shadowmeld, or anything else appropriate to the character you wish to play. Another way to think of it is that this book is filled with effects, but your character sheet is filled with powers.

The different sense types see page are de- Power effects are acquired in ranks, like ranks for other scriptors pertaining to sensory effects. The more ranks an effect has, the greater its effect.

Each effect of a power has a standard cost per rank. Generally speaking, a descriptor is part of what a power is called beyond its game system name. Her Damage Modifiers change how an effect works, making it more effect is the power to throw lightning bolts, so it has the effective an extra or less effective a flaw.

Some modifiers increase an lightning is electrical in nature. For more opponent transforms into mist, with the ability to regener- information see Modifiers, on page The players and Gamemaster should cooperate to apply the. Lightning is a form of electricity. A certain to observers beyond just a collection of game effects. De- scriptors do have some impact on the game since some ef- The powers in this chapter provide numerous examples of fects work only on or with effects of a particular descriptor.

Feel free to create your own as desired. Usually, a required descrip- tice, Law, Liberty, Tyranny tor reflects some common element of the series. The GM sets the rules as far as what descrip- Space, Thought, Time tors are required or restricted in the series.

A character who breaks this guideline—say the one alien in a setting Sources: Alien, Biological, Chi, Divine, Magic, Mystic, where all powers are otherwise mutant in origin—might Mutant, Preternatural, Primal, Psionic, Psychic, Skill, Technology, Training have a Benefit unusual origin or face certain complica- tions, possibly both. Whether a must be noticeable in some way.

For example, both. Some effects are quite obvious, such as Flight, Insub- there are lots of comic book characters with superhuman stantiality, Growth, or Shrinking.

Their amazing ef- permanent duration are not noticeable by default. A continuous or permanent effect made instant, con- sarily mean the character is something other than human. Conversely, the Noticeable modifier and what, if anything, that means depending on the na- see page makes a normally subtle effect noticeable. Effects of the same type follow similar rules and provide de- scriptors for certain other effects. This section discusses the different effect types and the rules governing them.

ATTACK hazards they are capable of causing, such as creating intense cold or dropping a heavy object on someone. Attack effects are used offensively in combat. They re- quire an attack check and damage, hinder, or otherwise harm their target in some way.

Their duration is usually instant Defense effects protect in various ways, typically offering although their results—whether damage or some other a bonus to resistance checks, or granting outright immu- hindrance—may linger until the target recovers.

Attack nity to particular effects or conditions. Most defense ef- effects always allow for a resistance check. Some are activated and sustained CONTROL as a free action, meaning they can switch on or off, but can potentially leave the user unprotected. Control effects grant the user influence over something, from the environment to the ability to move objects or even create them out of thin air. Some provide a speed rank with a particular types, descriptors for how different sensory effects work.

The form of movement—such as ground, air, or water—while sense types, and some of the senses included in them, are: others offer different modes of movement, like walking on walls or slithering along the ground like a snake.

Mov- ing that speed rank still requires a move action, however. Sensory tors not given above, including unusual senses or effects are typically a free action to activate and sustain, or exotic descriptors like cosmic, gravitic, magical, and are permanent and always in effect. Some power effects work automatically.

Others—particularly those affecting other people—require some effort to use, like an attack check or a effect check. Powers affecting others allow resistance checks against their effects. The basic effect parameters rank, plus any applicable modifiers, against a difficulty are Action, Range, and Duration. The results of various power checks are described in this chapter.

See Actions, page , for details about the dif- ferent types of actions. Modifiers may change the action needed to use an effect. Once an effect is activated or deactivated, it remains so until your next turn. It ity or skill, an opposed check is called for see Opposed operates automatically in response to something Checks in The Basics chapter. If a contest is entirely a else, such as an attack. It is al- power rank wins automatically. RANGE so. If you are incapable of taking the necessary ac- tion, or simply choose not to, the effect ends.

A permanent effect range of rank x 50 feet and a long range of rank cannot be improved using extra effort. Ranged attack checks at medium range suffer a —2 circumstance penalty, while ranged at- tacks at long range suffer a —5 circumstance penalty.

The defense used and the difficulty class depend perceive with an accurate sense, without any need on the effect and its modifiers. If you cannot accurately perceive Willing characters can forgo their resistance check against the target, you cannot affect it. Each effect lasts for a particular amount of time, which The Immunity effect allows characters to ignore certain ef- may be changed by modifiers. Generally for two effects to counter. For ex- her water powers. The GM agrees the two powers ample, light and darkness powers can counter each other should be able to counter each other, so he asks Si- as can heat and cold, water and fire, and so forth.

The GM is the Knight. Siren suc- descriptor can counter another. The Nullify effect see page cessfully counters the flame blast, which fizzles out can counter any effect of a particular descriptor! In doing so, you wait to complete your action of another, or other lingering results of an instant effect until your opponent tries to use a power.

You may still like flames ignited by a fiery Damage effect. This requires move, since ready is a standard action. If you are successful, you negate the ef- You must be able to use the readied effect as a standard fect although the opposing character can attempt to re- action or less. Effects usable as a reaction do not require establish it normally.

Effects requiring longer than a standard action cannot Example: Mastermind has placed Johnny Rocket counter during action rounds although they may be able under his mental control an Affliction effect.

Lady to counter ongoing effects, see the following section. Liberty has the power to break such bonds the Nul- lify effect. You and the opposing character make effect checks Affliction rank. If she fails, the Freedom League er out and there is no effect from either.

If the opposing will have to come up with another plan to neutralize character wins, your attempt to counter is unsuccessful. The opposing effect works normally. Example: Siren, goddess of the seas, is fighting the White Knight. See Hero Points, page 27, for details.

They are listed in alphabetical order. Higher degree conditions re- Name: What the effect is called. Type: The type of effect. See the possible conditions for each degree under the Af- Action: The action required to use the effect: standard, fliction Resistance Check table.

The target resists with For- move, free, reaction, or none. Fortitude or Will vs. Success: No effect. A description of the effect and what it does in game terms follows. Potential descriptors include coughing or sneez- A listing of extras relevant or unique to the effect. Ex- ing, creeping mental influence, drowsiness, euphoria, tras unique to an effect are in italics. FLAWS Failure two degrees : The target is compelled, defense- less, disabled, exhausted, immobile, prone, or stunned A listing of flaws relevant or unique to the effect.

Potential descriptors include agonizing pain, confusion, ecstasy, momentary emotional or men- If any of these entries do not apply, they are omitted. So if an effect does not have any particular extras associ- tal influence, paralysis, seizure, terror, or vomiting. Failure three degrees : The target is asleep, con- trolled, incapacitated, paralyzed, transformed or un- time or reflexes to avoid the effect. In this case, the later aware choose one.

For example, a tar- The target of an Affliction makes a resistance check at the get might make a Dodge check to avoid a blinding light end of each of his turns to remove first and second degree or spray of liquid, but a Fortitude check to eliminate the conditions.

Third degree conditions require a minute of effect if the initial Dodge fails. Cumulative: Normally, an Affliction does not have a cumu- lative effect on the same target, so getting two results of EXTRAS one degree, one after the other, has no more or less effect than a single one degree result; you have to get a higher Alternate Resistance: Some Afflictions may be initially re- degree with a later attack, which replaces the initial result.

Sample powers are presented on this extra, your Affliction imposes two conditions—such as the Power Effects table in italics. With two applications, it imposes three con- Each power is presented in the following format: ditions, and so forth. Since mutually incompatible condi- tions are largely wasted, Afflictions with this extra often NAME have the Limited Degree flaw as well.

If the target Name: What the power is called. A successful resistance check are listed with it. If a power has multiple effects, still ends the Affliction, as usual. This is a cost per rank of the power if it has a ranked effect, oth- FLAWS erwise it is a flat cost in power points. Some pow- ers may have a flat cost for the initial power, plus a Instant Recovery: Similar to the Reversible extra see p. Choose a set of effects that reflect the capabilities of your Alternate Form, based on the examples following.

Then choose the action required to assume your Alternate Form: if it requires a move action, subtract 1 power point from the total cost of the effects. If it requires a standard action, subtract 2 points. See the Activation flaw for details. Essentially, all your powers have the Activa- tion modifier!

The inability to assume your heroic form might also constitute a complication for you from time to time. So, for example, leaving the character unable to burrow through dense an instant duration Affliction only lasts one round, while clay or solid rock , or only snow and ice being unable to a sustained duration Affliction lasts until no longer sus- burrow through earth and soil at all.

Limited Degree: Your Affliction is limited to no more than two degrees of effect. At launch, Steam Cloud Play only worked through Nvidia’s GeForce Now service and would link up to other cloud services in the future though whether Valve would run its own cloud gaming service was unclear. China has strict regulations on video games and Internet use ; however, access to Steam is allowed through China’s governmental firewalls.

Currently, a large portion of Steam users are from China. Following a Chinese government-ordered temporary block of many of Steam’s functions in December , [] Valve and Perfect World announced they would help to provide an officially sanctioned version of Steam that meets Chinese Internet requirements. Perfect World has worked with Valve before to help bring Dota 2 and Counter-Strike: Global Offensive to the country through approved government processes.

It was made to comply with China’s strict regulations on video games , featuring only those that have passed approval by their government. On 25 December , reports emerged that Steam’s global service was the target of a domain name system attack that prevented users in China from accessing its site.

The Ministry of Industry and Information Technology MIIT later confirmed that Chinese gamers would no longer be able to use Steam’s global service as its international domain name has been designated as “illegal” due to “illicit activities” which were unspecified. The block has effectively locked all Chinese users out of games they had purchased through Steam’s international service, and that they would only be able to go through Steam’s China-specific application.

Valve reported that there were million active accounts on Steam by the end of Valve also considers the concurrent user count a key indicator of the success of the platform, reflecting how many accounts were logged into Steam at the same time. By August , Valve reported that they saw a peak of 14 million concurrent players, up from 8.

Steam has grown from seven games in to over 30, by , with additional non-gaming products, such as creation software, DLC, and videos, numbering over 20, Though Steam provides direct sales data to a game’s developer and publisher, it does not provide any public sales data or provide such data to third-party sales groups like NPD Group. In , Valve’s Jason Holtman stated that the company felt that such sales data was outdated for a digital market, since such data, used in aggregate from other sources, could lead to inaccurate conclusions.

Developers and publishers have expressed the need to have some metrics of sales for games on Steam, as this allows them to judge the potential success of a title by reviewing how similar games had performed. This led to the creation of algorithms that worked on publicly available data through user profiles to estimate sales data with some accuracy, which led to the creation of the website Steam Spy in The change broke the method Steam Spy had collected data, rendering it unusable.

Some have asserted that Valve used the GDPR change as a means to block methods of estimating sales data, [] though Valve has since promised to provide tools to developers to help gain such insights that they say will be more accurate than Steam Spy was. Steam’s customer service has been highly criticized, with users citing poor response times or lack of response in regards to problems such as being locked out of one’s library or having a non-working game redemption key.

In March , Valve had been given a failing “F” grade from the Better Business Bureau due to a large number of complaints in Valve’s handling of Steam, leading Valve’s Erik Johnson to state that “we don’t feel like our customer service support is where it needs to be right now”. Of those, requests for refunds were the largest segment, and which Valve could resolve within hours, followed by account security and recovery requests.

Greenlight expanded this to about 70 per week, and which doubled to per week following the introduction of Direct. Following the launch of Steam Direct, allowing games to be published without Valve’s curation, members of the video game industry were split on Valve’s hands-off approach. Some praised Valve in favoring to avoid trying to be a moral adjudicator of content and letting consumers decide what content they want to see, while others felt that this would encourage some developers to publish games on Steam that are purposely hateful or degenerate of some social classes, like LGBTQ , and that Valve’s reliance on user filters and algorithms may not succeed in blocking undesirable content from certain users.

Some further criticized the decision based on the financial gain from avoid blocking any game content, as Valve collects a cut from sales through Steam. Steam was estimated to have the largest share in the PC digital distribution market in the s. Competitors emerged with Games for Windows — Live in and Impulse in , both of which were shut down in and , respectively. They purported that having such a percentage of the overall market can be detrimental to the industry and that sector competition would yield positive results for consumers.

Because of Valve’s oversight of sales data, estimates of how much of a market share Steam has in the video game market is difficult to compile. Steam’s predominance in the gaming market has led to Valve becoming involved in various legal cases. In December , the French consumer group UFC-Que Choisir initiated a lawsuit against Valve for several of their Steam policies that conflict or run afoul of French law, including the restriction against reselling of purchased games , which is legal in the European Union.

The decision is primarily based on the court’s findings that Steam sells licenses to software titles, despite Valve’s claim that they were selling subscriptions, which are not covered by the Directives. The company stated that it would appeal the decision.

In August , BT Group filed a lawsuit against Valve stating that Steam’s client infringes on four of their patents, which they stated were used within Steam’s Library, Chat, Messaging, and Broadcasting services. In , the European Commission began investigating Valve and five other publishers— Bandai Namco Entertainment , Capcom , Focus Home Interactive , Koch Media and ZeniMax Media —for anti-competitive practices, specifically the use of geo-blocking through the Steam storefront and Steam product keys to prevent access to software to citizens of certain countries within the European Economic Area.

A January class-action lawsuit filed against Valve asserted that the company forced developers into entering a ” most favored nation “-type of pricing contract to offer games on their storefront, which required the developers to price their games the same on other platforms as they did on Steam, thus stifling competition. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Video game service. List of languages. Content delivery Digital rights management Social network service Video streaming service.

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Archived from the original on February 13, Retrieved February 13, Archived from the original on August 31, Retrieved August 30, Archived from the original on July 11, It’s nonexistent”.

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Alternatively, once an area of an image is highlighted, the move tool can be used to manually relocate the selected piece to anywhere on the canvas. The marquee is a tool that can make selections that are a single row, single column, rectangular and elliptical. This tool can also crop an image; it allows for better control. In contrast to the crop tool, the marquee tool allows for more adjustments to the selected area before cropping.

The only marquee tool that does not allow cropping is the elliptical. Although the single row and column marquee tools allow for cropping, they are not ideal, because they only crop a line. The rectangular marquee tool is the preferred option. Once the tool has been selected, dragging the tool across the desired area will select it. The selected area will be outlined by dotted lines, referred to as “marching ants”. To set a specific size or ratio, the tool options bar provides these settings.

Before selecting an area, the desired size or ratio must be set by adjusting the width and height. Any changes such as color, filters, location, etc. To crop the selection, the user must go to the image tab and select crop. The lasso tool is similar to the marquee tool, however, the user can make a custom selection by drawing it freehand.

The regular lasso tool allows the user to have drawing capabilities. Photoshop will complete the selection once the mouse button is released. The user may also complete the selection by connecting the end point to the starting point. The “marching ants” will indicate if a selection has been made.

The polygonal lasso tool will draw only straight lines, which makes it an ideal choice for images with many straight lines. Unlike the regular lasso tool, the user must continually click around the image to outline the shape. To complete the selection, the user must connect the end point to the starting point just like the regular lasso tool. Magnetic lasso tool are considered the smart tool. It can do the same as the other two, but it can also detect the edges of an image once the user selects a starting point.

It detects by examining the color pixels as the cursor moves over the desired area. Closing the selection is the same as the other two, which should also should display the “marching ants” once the selection has been closed. The quick selection tool selects areas based on edges, similarly to the magnetic lasso tool. The difference between this tool and the lasso tool is that there is no starting and ending point. For this reason, the selected area can be added onto as much as possible without starting over.

By dragging the cursor over the desired area, the quick selection tool detects the edges of the image. The “marching ants” allow the user to know what is currently being selected. Once the user is done, the selected area can be edited without affecting the rest of the image.

One of the features that makes this tool especially user friendly is that the SHIFT key is not needed to add more to the selection; by default, extra mouse clicks will be added to the selection rather than creating a new selection. The magic wand tool selects areas based on pixels of similar values. One click will select all neighboring pixels of similar value within a tolerance level set by the user. If the eyedropper tool is selected in the options bar, then the magic wand can determine the value needed to evaluate the pixels; this is based on the sample size setting in the eyedropper tool.

This tool is inferior to the quick selection tool which works much the same but with much better results and more intuitive controls.

The user must decide what settings to use or if the image is right for this tool. The Eraser tool erases content based on the active layer. If the user is on the text layer, then any text across which the tool is dragged will be erased. The eraser will convert the pixels to transparent, unless the background layer is selected. The size and style of the eraser can be selected in the options bar. This tool is unique in that it can take the form of the paintbrush and pencil tools.

In addition to the straight eraser tool, there are two more available options — background eraser and magic eraser. The background eraser deletes any part of the image that is on the edge of an object. This tool is often used to extract objects from the background. The magic eraser tool deletes based on similar colored pixels. It is very similar to the magic wand tool.

This tool is ideal for deleting areas with the same color or tone that contrasts with the rest of the image. Using simple combinations of keys video layers can easily be modified, with other features such as adding text and creating animations using single images. With the Extended version of Photoshop CS5, 2D elements of an artwork can easily become three-dimensional with the click of a button.

Extrusions of texts, an available library of materials for three-dimensional, and even wrapping two-dimensional images around 3D geometry. Third-party plugins have also been added to the most recent version of Photoshop where technologies such as the iPad have integrated the software with different types of applications.

Applications like the Adobe Eazel painting app allows the user to easily create paintings with their fingertips and use an array of different paint from dry to wet in order to create rich color blending. The program will feature cloud syncing with other devices and a simpler interface than the desktop version. The plug-in allows users to remove noise without the side-effect of over-sharpening, add grain, and even perform post-crop vignetting.

From version Artists can add color, adjust the shape or rotate the angles of imported models, or design original 3D models from scratch. The Color Replacement Tool allows the user to change the color, while maintaining the highlights and shadows of the original image, of pieces of the image. By selecting Brushes and right clicking, the Color Replacement Tool is the third option down.

What is important to note with this tool is the foreground color. The foreground color is what will be applied when painting along the chosen part of the image with the Color Replacement tool. Photoshop and derivatives such as Photoshopped or just Shopped have become verbs that are sometimes used to refer to images edited by Photoshop, [47] or any image manipulation program.

The same happens not only in English but as the Portuguese Wikipedia entry for image manipulation attests, even in that language, with the trademark being followed by the Portuguese verb termination -ar, yielding the word “photoshopar” to photoshop. Such derivatives are discouraged by Adobe [6] because, in order to maintain validity and protect the trademark from becoming generic , trademarks must be used as proper nouns. Photoshop’s naming scheme was initially based on version numbers, from version 0.

Adobe published 7 major and many minor versions before the October introduction of version 8. In February Adobe donated the source code of the 1. The first Photoshop CS was commercially released in October as the eighth major version of Photoshop. Photoshop CS increased user control with a reworked file browser augmenting search versatility, sorting and sharing capabilities and the Histogram Palette which monitors changes in the image as they are made to the document.

Match Color was also introduced in CS, which reads color data to achieve a uniform expression throughout a series of pictures. Photoshop CS2, released in May , expanded on its predecessor with a new set of tools and features. It included an upgraded Spot Healing Brush, which is mainly used for handling common photographic problems such as blemishes, red-eye, noise, blurring and lens distortion.

One of the most significant inclusions in CS2 was the implementation of Smart Objects, which allows users to scale and transform images and vector illustrations without losing image quality, as well as create linked duplicates of embedded graphics so that a single edit updates across multiple iterations.

Adobe responded to feedback from the professional media industry by implementing non-destructive editing as well as the producing and modifying of Bit High Dynamic Range HDR images, which are optimal for 3D rendering and advanced compositing. FireWire Previews could also be viewed on a monitor via a direct export feature. Image Warping makes it easy to digitally distort an image into a shape by choosing on-demand presets or by dragging control points.

The File Browser was upgraded to Adobe Bridge, which functioned as a hub for productivity, imagery and creativity, providing multi-view file browsing and smooth cross-product integration across Adobe Creative Suite 2 software.

Camera Raw version 3. Photoshop CS2 brought a streamlined interface, making it easier to access features for specific instances. In CS2 users were also given the ability to create their own custom presets, which was meant to save time and increase productivity. CS3 improves on features from previous versions of Photoshop and introduces new tools.

One of the most significant is the streamlined interface which allows increased performance, speed, and efficiency. There is also improved support for Camera RAW files which allow users to process images with higher speed and conversion quality.

The Black and White adjustment option improves control over manual grayscale conversions with a dialog box similar to that of Channel Mixer. There is more control over print options and better management with Adobe Bridge. The Clone Source palette is introduced, adding more options to the clone stamp tool. Other features include the nondestructive Smart Filters, optimizing graphics for mobile devices, [53] Fill Light and Dust Busting tools.

CS3 Extended includes everything in CS3 and additional features. There are tools for 3D graphic file formats, video enhancement and animation, and comprehensive image measurement and analysis tools with DICOM file support. As for video editing, CS3 supports layers and video formatting so users can edit video files per frame. They were also made available through Adobe’s online store and Adobe Authorized Resellers.

CS4 features smoother panning and zooming, allowing faster image editing at a high magnification. The interface is more simplified with its tab-based interface [56] making it cleaner to work with. Photoshop CS4 features a new 3D engine allowing the conversion of gradient maps to 3D objects, adding depth to layers and text, and getting print-quality output with the new ray-tracing rendering engine.

It supports common 3D formats; the new Adjustment and Mask panels; content-aware scaling seam carving ; [57] fluid canvas rotation and File display options. Adobe released Photoshop CS4 Extended, which has the features of Adobe Photoshop CS4, plus capabilities for scientific imaging, 3D, motion graphics, accurate image analysis and high-end film and video users.

The faster 3D engine allows users to paint directly on 3D models, wrap 2D images around 3D shapes and animate 3D objects. Photoshop CS5 was launched on April 12, In May , Adobe Creative Suite 5. Its version of Photoshop, The community also had a hand in the additions made to CS5 as 30 new features and improvements were included by request.

These include automatic image straightening, the Rule-of-Thirds cropping tool, color pickup, and saving a bit image as a JPEG. Another feature includes the Adobe Mini Bridge, which allows for efficient file browsing and management. A new materials library was added, providing more options such as Chrome, Glass, and Cork. The new Shadow Catcher tool can be used to further enhance 3D objects.

For motion graphics, the tools can be applied to over more than one frame in a video sequence. Photoshop CS6, released in May , added new creative design tools and provided a redesigned interface [65] with a focus on enhanced performance. Adobe Photoshop CS6 brought a suite of tools for video editing. Color and exposure adjustments, as well as layers, are among a few things that are featured in this new editor. Upon completion of editing, the user is presented with a handful of options of exporting into a few popular formats.

CS6 brings the “straighten” tool to Photoshop, where a user simply draws a line anywhere on an image, and the canvas will reorient itself so that the line drawn becomes horizontal, and adjusts the media accordingly. This was created with the intention that users will draw a line parallel to a plane in the image, and reorient the image to that plane to more easily achieve certain perspectives.

CS6 allows background saving, which means that while another document is compiling and archiving itself, it is possible to simultaneously edit an image. CS6 also features a customizable auto-save feature, preventing any work from being lost. With version Adobe also announced that CS6 will be the last suite sold with perpetual licenses in favor of the new Creative Cloud subscriptions, though they will continue to provide OS compatibility support as well as bug fixes and security updates as necessary.

Starting January 9, , CS6 is no longer available for purchase, making a Creative Cloud license the only purchase option going forward. Photoshop CC As the next major version after CS6, it is only available as part of a Creative Cloud subscription. Major features in this version include new Smart Sharpen, Intelligent Upsampling, and Camera Shake Reduction for reducing blur caused by camera shake. Since the initial launch, Adobe has released two additional feature-bearing updates.

The first, version The major features in this version were Adobe Generator, a Node. Photoshop Version CC features improvements to content-aware tools, two new blur tools spin blur and path blur and a new focus mask feature that enables the user to select parts of an image based on whether they are in focus or not. Other minor improvements have been made, including speed increases for certain tasks. Photoshop CC was released on June 15, Adobe added various creative features including Adobe Stock, which is a library of custom stock images.

It also includes and have the ability to have more than one layer style. The updated UI as of November 30, , delivers a cleaner and more consistent look throughout Photoshop, and the user can quickly perform common tasks using a new set of gestures on touch-enabled devices like Microsoft Surface Pro.

Photoshop CC was released on November 2, It introduced a new template selector when creating new documents, the ability to search for tools, panels and help articles for Photoshop, support for SVG OpenType fonts and other small improvements. Photoshop CC version 19 was released on October 18, It featured an overhaul to the brush organization system, allowing for more properties such as color and opacity to be saved per-brush and for brushes to be categorized in folders and sub-folders.

It also added brush stroke smoothing, and over brushes created by Kyle T. Webster following Adobe’s acquisition of his website, KyleBrush. Other additions were Lightroom Photo access, Variable font support, select subject, copy-paste layers, enhanced tooltips, panorama and HEIF support, PNG compression, increased maximum zoom level, symmetry mode, algorithm improvements to Face-aware and selection tools, color and luminance range masking, improved image resizing, and performance improvements to file opening, filters, and brush strokes.

Photoshop CC was released on October 15, Beginning with Photoshop CC version This version Introduced a new tool called Frame Tool to create placeholder frames for images. It also added multiple undo mode, auto-commitment, and prevented accidental panel moves with lock work-space.

Live blend mode previews are added, allowing for faster scrolling over different blend mode options in the layers panel. Other additions were Color Wheel, Transform proportionally without Shift key, Distribute spacing like in Illustrator, ability to see longer layer names, match font with Japanese fonts, flip document view, scale UI to font, reference point hidden by default, new compositing engine, which provides a more modern compositing architecture is added which is easier to optimize on all platforms.

Photoshop was released on November 4, It added several improvements to the new content-aware fill and to the new document tab. Also added were animated GIF support, improved lens blur performance and one-click zoom to a layer’s contents.

It introduced new swatches, gradients, patterns, shapes and stylistic sets for OpenType fonts. Presets are now more intuitive to use and easier to organize.

With the February update version This version improved GPU based lens blur quality and provided performance improvements, such as accelerating workflows with smoother panning, zooming and navigation of documents.

Version 21 was the first version where the iPad version was released. It introduced faster portrait selection, Adobe Camera Raw improvements, auto-activated Adobe Fonts, rotatable patterns, and improved Match Font.

This is the first macOS release to run natively on Apple silicon. Content Credentials Beta was introduced. When enabled, the editing information is captured in a tamper-evident form and resides with the file through successive copy generations. It aligns with the C2PA standard on digital provenance across the internet. The Adobe Photoshop family is a group of applications and services made by Adobe Inc. Several features of the Adobe Photoshop family are pixel manipulating, image organizing, photo retouching, and more.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Raster graphics editing software. For the colloquial verb meaning photograph manipulation, see Photoshop verb. For other uses, see Photoshop disambiguation. For the vector graphics language, see PostScript. Adobe Photoshop Thomas Knoll John Knoll. List of languages. Main article: Photoshop plugin. This section may need to be rewritten to comply with Wikipedia’s quality standards.

You can help. The talk page may contain suggestions. July You can help by adding to it. September Retrieved July 20, Adobe Inc. Retrieved November 13, Retrieved January 31, Retrieved February 29, The Verge. Retrieved March 1,