Microsoft word 2016 definition free

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Generate multiple barcode types from a single font that is compatible with multiple operating systems and languages The software is free for personal use. It brings back the familiar Office and toolbars and menus into your Microsoft Office , or Well, Microsoft won’t provide Windows Mac.

Windows Users’ choice Microsoft office bit Microsoft office bit Most people looking for Microsoft office bit downloaded: Microsoft Office Home and Business An append-only ledger table must contain exactly one column defined with each of the following arguments:. If there is a name conflict with an already defined column, the system will raise an error. If a view with the specified or generated name exists, the system will raise an error.

If the table is an updatable ledger table, the ledger view is created as a union on the table and its history table. Each row in the ledger view represents either the creation or deletion of a row version in the ledger table. The ledger view contains all columns of the ledger table, except the generated always columns listed above.

The ledger view also contains the following additional columns:. Transactions that include creating ledger table are captured in sys. Each of the ledger view option specifies a name of a column, the system will add to the view, in addition to the columns defined in the ledger table. For information about the number of allowed tables, columns, constraints and indexes, see Maximum Capacity Specifications for SQL Server.

Space is generally allocated to tables and indexes in increments of one extent at a time. After it has enough pages to fill a uniform extent, another extent is allocated every time the currently allocated extents become full.

You can create local and global temporary tables. Local temporary tables are visible only in the current session, and global temporary tables are visible to all sessions.

Temporary tables cannot be partitioned. If more than one temporary table is created inside a single stored procedure or batch, they must have different names. All temporary tables are created in the dbo schema. If a local temporary table is created in a stored procedure or application that can be executed at the same time by several sessions, the Database Engine must be able to distinguish the tables created by the different sessions.

The Database Engine does this by internally appending a numeric suffix to each local temporary table name. The full name of a temporary table as stored in the sys.

A local temporary table created within a stored procedure or trigger can have the same name as a temporary table that was created before the stored procedure or trigger is called. However, if a query references a temporary table and two temporary tables with the same name exist at that time, it is not defined which table the query is resolved against. Nested stored procedures can also create temporary tables with the same name as a temporary table that was created by the stored procedure that called it.

However, for modifications to resolve to the table that was created in the nested procedure, the table must have the same structure, with the same column names, as the table created in the calling procedure. This is shown in the following example.

If a temporary table is created with a named constraint and the temporary table is created within the scope of a user-defined transaction, only one user at a time can execute the statement that creates the temp table. For example, if a stored procedure creates a temporary table with a named primary key constraint, the stored procedure cannot be executed simultaneously by multiple users. Global temporary tables for SQL Server initiated with table name are stored in tempdb and shared among all users’ sessions across the whole SQL Server instance.

Azure SQL Database supports global temporary tables that are also stored in tempdb and scoped to the database level. This means that global temporary tables are shared for all users’ sessions within the same Azure SQL Database. User sessions from other databases cannot access global temporary tables.

Similarly, global temporary stored procedures are also scoped to the database level in Azure SQL Database. See the above section on Temporary Tables. For troubleshooting tempdb, see How to Monitor tempdb use. Any user can create global temporary objects. Users can only access their own objects, unless they receive additional permissions. Second, you must create a partition scheme to specify the filegroups that will hold the partitions indicated by the partition function.

For more information, see Partitioned Tables and Indexes. If a primary key is defined on a CLR user-defined type column, the implementation of the type must support binary ordering.

Cross-database referential integrity must be implemented through triggers. This is referred to as a self-reference. This column must have the same data type as the column on which the constraint is defined.

The data type of each reference column must also be the same as the corresponding column in the column list. The reference columns must be specified in the same order that was used when specifying the columns of the primary key or unique constraint on the referenced table. The effective limit for you may be more or less depending on the application and hardware. If a foreign key is defined on a CLR user-defined type column, the implementation of the type must support binary ordering.

Columns participating in a foreign key relationship must be defined with the same length and scale. The following table shows the niladic functions and the values they return for the default during an INSERT statement.

DEFAULT definitions cannot be created for columns with alias data types if the alias data type is bound to a default object. When a rule and one or more CHECK constraints exist for a column or columns, all restrictions are evaluated. CHECK constraints cannot be defined on text , ntext , or image columns. For a report on the views and stored procedures that depend on a table, use sys. The nullability of a column determines whether that column can allow a null value NULL as the data in that column.

We recommend that you always explicitly define a column as NULL or NOT NULL for noncomputed columns or, if you use a user-defined data type, that you allow the column to use the default nullability of the data type.

Sparse columns must always allow NULL. When column nullability is not explicitly specified, column nullability follows the rules shown in the following table. If the column is a computed column, its nullability is always automatically determined by the Database Engine. System tables cannot be enabled for compression. When you are creating a table, data compression is set to NONE, unless specified otherwise. If you specify a list of partitions or a partition that is out of range, an error will be generated.

For a more information about data compression, see Data Compression. Because a constraint name is not specified, the system supplies the constraint name. Foreign keys can be single-column keys or multicolumn keys.

Note that the column name does not have to be the same in both tables. Multicolumn key constraints are created as table constraints. The following example shows how to reference this key from another table; an explicit constraint name is optional.

The following example enforces a restriction that the Name column of the Product table must be unique. For example, the AdventureWorks database could include a lookup table listing the different jobs employees can fill in the company. Under a column that describes each job, a character string default could supply a description when an actual description is not entered explicitly. Use the following example to get the current date for an entry.

A niladic-function scan can also improve data integrity. To keep track of the user that inserted a row, use the niladic-function for USER. Do not enclose the niladic-functions with parentheses. The following example shows a restriction made to values that are entered into the CreditRating column of the Vendor table.

The constraint is unnamed. This example shows a named constraint with a pattern restriction on the character data entered into a column of a table. This example specifies that the values must be within a specific list or follow a specified pattern. The following example shows the complete table definitions with all constraint definitions for table PurchaseOrderDetail created in the AdventureWorks database.

Note that to run the sample, the table schema is changed to dbo. The following example creates a partition function to partition a table or index into four partitions. Then, the example creates a partition scheme that specifies the filegroups in which to hold each of the four partitions.

Finally, the example creates a table that uses the partition scheme. This example assumes the filegroups already exist in the database. Based on the values of column col1 of PartitionTable , the partitions are assigned in the following ways. The following example creates a table with a uniqueidentifier column.

The following example creates a table with one column defined as user-defined type utf8string , assuming that the type’s assembly, and the type itself, have already been created in the current database. A second column is defined based on utf8string , and uses method ToString of type class utf8string to compute a value for the column. For additional data compression examples, see Data Compression. Applies to : SQL Server The following examples show to how to create a table that has a sparse column, and a table that has two sparse columns and a column set.

The examples use the basic syntax. This example creates a table that has two sparse columns and a column set named CSet.

The following examples show how to create a temporal table linked to a new history table, and how to create a temporal table linked to an existing history table. Note that the temporal table must have a primary key defined to be enabled for the table to be enabled for system versioning. For examples showing how to add or remove system versioning on an existing table, see System Versioning in Examples. For use cases, see Temporal Tables.

The following example shows how to create a system-versioned memory-optimized temporal table linked to a new disk-based history table. The following example creates a table with two encrypted columns. For more information, see Always Encrypted. Creates a table with an anonymously named compound primary key. This is useful to avoid run-time conflicts where two session-scoped temp tables, each in a separate session, use the same name for a constraint.

Proprietary source distributors have started to develop and contribute to the open-source community due to the market share shift, doing so by the need to reinvent their models in order to remain competitive.

Many advocates argue that open-source software is inherently safer because any person can view, edit, and change code. According to the Free software movement ‘s leader, Richard Stallman , the main difference is that by choosing one term over the other i.

The FSF [74] said that the term “open source” fosters an ambiguity of a different kind such that it confuses the mere availability of the source with the freedom to use, modify, and redistribute it.

On the other hand, the “free software” term was criticized for the ambiguity of the word “free” as “available at no cost”, which was seen as discouraging for business adoption, [75] and for the historical ambiguous usage of the term. Raymond and others. The term “open source” was originally intended to be trademarkable; however, the term was deemed too descriptive, so no trademark exists.

OSI Certified is a trademark licensed only to people who are distributing software licensed under a license listed on the Open Source Initiative’s list. Although the OSI definition of “open-source software” is widely accepted, a small number of people and organizations use the term to refer to software where the source is available for viewing, but which may not legally be modified or redistributed.

Such software is more often referred to as source-available , or as shared source , a term coined by Microsoft in Before changing the license of software, distributors usually audit the source code for third party licensed code which they would have to remove or obtain permission for its relicense.

Backdoors and other malware should also be removed as they may easily be discovered after release of the code. So if we needed to patch, adjust, or adapt, we could. Open-source software projects are built and maintained by a network of volunteer programmers and are widely used in free as well as commercial products.

While the term “open source” applied originally only to the source code of software, [92] it is now being applied to many other areas [93] such as Open source ecology , [94] a movement to decentralize technologies so that any human can use them. However, it is often misapplied to other areas that have different and competing principles, which overlap only partially.

The same principles that underlie open-source software can be found in many other ventures, such as open-source hardware , Wikipedia , and open-access publishing. Collectively, these principles are known as open source, open content , and open collaboration : [95] “any system of innovation or production that relies on goal-oriented yet loosely coordinated participants, who interact to create a product or service of economic value, which they make available to contributors and non-contributors alike.

This “culture” or ideology takes the view that the principles apply more generally to facilitate concurrent input of different agendas, approaches, and priorities, in contrast with more centralized models of development such as those typically used in commercial companies.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 9 August Software licensed to ensure source code usage rights. Open-source software shares similarities with free software and is part of the broader term free and open-source software. For other uses, see OSS. For broader coverage of this topic, see Open-source-software movement.

Further information: History of free and open-source software. Main article: Open-source license. Further information: Free software license. Main article: Open-source software development model. Main article: Business models for open-source software. Main article: Comparison of open-source and closed-source software.

Main article: Alternative terms for free software. See also: Comparison of free and open-source software licenses. Main article: Source-available software. Main article: List of free and open-source software packages. Main article: Open source model. See also: Open content and Open collaboration. Free and open-source software portal. Comparison of free and open-source software licenses Free software Free software community Free software license Free software movement List of free and open-source software packages Open content Open-source hardware Open Source Initiative Open-source license Open-source software advocacy Open Source Software Institute Open-source software security Open-source video game All articles with titles containing “Open source” Proprietary software Shared source Timeline of free and open-source software.

Laurent, Andrew M. O’Reilly Media. ISBN Information Technology and Libraries. ISSN Organization Science. S2CID Free Software Magazine. Archived from the original on 8 September Retrieved 8 September Archived from the original on 18 January Review of Network Economics.

Forge your Future with Open Source. Pragmatic Programmers. Retrieved 11 April But the problem went deeper than that. The word “free” carried with it an inescapable moral connotation: if freedom was an end in itself, it didn’t matter whether free software also happened to be better, or more profitable for certain businesses in certain circumstances. Those were merely pleasant side effects of a motive that was, at its root, neither technical nor mercantile, but moral.

Furthermore, the “free as in freedom” position forced a glaring inconsistency on corporations who wanted to support particular free programs in one aspect of their business, but continue marketing proprietary software in others.

Charny 3 May Free and Open Source Software. IT Professional 12 6 November , pg. The problem with it is twofold. Second, the term makes a lot of corporate types nervous. Duke University press — durham and london. Prior to , Free Software referred either to the Free Software Foundation and the watchful, micromanaging eye of Stallman or to one of thousands of different commercial, avocational, or university-research projects, processes, licenses, and ideologies that had a variety of names: sourceware, freeware, shareware, open software, public domain software, and so on.

The term Open Source, by contrast, sought to encompass them all in one movement. Retrieved 10 February Public-domain software is written by microcomputer hobbyists also known as “hackers” many of whom are professional programmers in their work life. Retrieved 13 August After the Netscape announcement broke in January I did a lot of thinking about the next phase — the serious push to get “free software” accepted in the mainstream corporate world.

And I realized we have a serious problem with “free software” itself. Specifically, we have a problem with the term “free software”, itself, not the concept. I’ve become convinced that the term has to go. Ryan :: SSRN”.

SSRN Retrieved 20 September Open Source: A Multidisciplinary Approach. Imperial College Press. Netscape Communications Corporation. Archived from the original on 1 April Retrieved 8 August Netscape Communications.

Retrieved 10 January This event marked a historical milestone for the Internet as Netscape became the first major commercial software company to open its source code, a trend that has since been followed by several other corporations. Since the code was first published on the Internet, thousands of individuals and organizations have downloaded it and made hundreds of contributions to the software.

Retrieved 25 March Retrieved 22 July Open Source Initiative. Archived from the original on 24 September Retrieved 13 May Philosophy of the GNU Project. Free Software Foundation.

Retrieved 23 July As the advocates of open source draw new users into our community, we free software activists have to work even more to bring the issue of freedom to those new users’ attention. We have to say, ‘It’s free software and it gives you freedom!

Every time you say ‘free software’ rather than ‘open source,’ you help our campaign. Sooner or later these users will be invited to switch back to proprietary software for some practical advantage Countless companies seek to offer such temptation, and why would users decline?

Only if they have learned to value the freedom free software gives them, for its own sake.

 
 

What’s new in Skype | Skype Blog.Where or where is Word Dictionary for Office ? – Microsoft Community

 

A computer is a digital electronic machine that can be programmed to carry out sequences of arithmetic or logical operations computation microsoft word 2016 definition free. Modern computers can perform generic sets of operations known as programs. These programs enable computers to perform a wide range of tasks. A computer system is a “complete” computer that includes the hardwareoperating system main softwareand peripheral equipment needed and used for “full” operation. This term may also refer to a group of computers that are linked and function together, such as a computer network or computer cluster.

A broad range of industrial and consumer products use computers microsoft word 2016 definition free control systems. Simple special-purpose devices like microwave ovens and remote controls are included, as are factory devices like industrial robots and microsoft word 2016 definition free designas well as general-purpose devices like personal computers and mobile devices like smartphones.

Computers power the Internetwhich links billions of other computers and users. Early computers were meant microsoft word 2016 definition free be used only for calculations.

Simple manual instruments like the abacus have aided people in doing calculations since ancient times. Early in the Industrial Revolutionmicrosoft word 2016 definition free mechanical devices were built to automate long tedious tasks, such as guiding patterns for looms. More sophisticated microsoft word 2016 definition free machines did источник статьи analog calculations in the early 20th century. The first digital electronic calculating machines were developed during World War II.

The first semiconductor transistors in the late s were followed by the silicon -based Читать больше MOS transistor and monolithic integrated circuit IC chip technologies in the late s, leading to the microprocessor and the microcomputer revolution in the s. The speed, power and versatility of computers have been increasing dramatically ever since then, with transistor counts increasing at a rapid microsoft word 2016 definition free as predicted by Moore’s lawleading to the Digital Revolution during the late 20th to early 21st centuries.

Conventionally, a modern computer consists of at least one processing elementtypically a central processing unit CPU in the form of a microprocessoralong with some type of computer memorytypically semiconductor microsoft word 2016 definition free chips. The processing element crack key vmware workstation 12 free out arithmetic and logical operations, and a sequencing and control unit can change the order of operations in response to stored information.

Peripheral devices include input devices keyboards, mice, joysticketc. Peripheral devices allow information to be retrieved from an external source and they взято отсюда the result of operations to be saved and retrieved.

Microsoft word 2016 definition free to microsoft word 2016 definition free Oxford English Dictionarythe first known use of computer was in a book called The Yong Mans Gleanings by the English writer Richard Brathwait : “I haue [ sic ] read the truest computer of Times, and the best Arithmetician that euer [sic] breathed, and he reduceth thy dayes into a short number.

The word continued with the same meaning until the middle of the 20th http://replace.me/25583.txt. During the latter part of this period women were often hired as computers because they could be paid less than their male counterparts.

The Online Etymology Dictionary gives the first attested use of computer in the s, meaning ‘one who calculates’; this is an “agent noun from compute v. The Online Etymology Dictionary states that the use of the term to mean ” ‘calculating machine’ of any type is from Devices have been used to aid computation for thousands of years, microsoft word 2016 definition free using one-to-one correspondence with fingers.

The earliest counting device was probably a form of tally stick. Later record keeping aids throughout the Fertile Crescent included http://replace.me/28665.txt clay spheres, cones, etc.

The abacus was initially used for как сообщается здесь tasks. The Roman abacus was developed from devices used in Babylonia as early as BC. Since then, many other forms of reckoning boards or tables have been invented. In a medieval European counting housea checkered cloth would be placed on a table, and markers moved around on it according microsoft word 2016 definition free certain rules, as an aid to calculating sums of money.

The Antikythera mechanism is believed to be the earliest known mechanical analog computeraccording to Derek J. It was discovered in in the Antikythera wreck off the Greek island of Antikytherabetween Kythera and Creteand has been dated to approximately c.

Devices of comparable complexity to the Antikythera mechanism would not reappear until the fourteenth century. Many mechanical aids to calculation and measurement were constructed for astronomical and microsoft word 2016 definition free use. A combination of the planisphere and dioptrathe astrolabe was effectively an analog computer capable of working out several different kinds of problems in spherical astronomy.

An astrolabe incorporating a mechanical calendar computer [9] [10] and gear -wheels was invented by Abi Bakr of IsfahanPersia in The sectora calculating instrument used for solving problems in proportion, trigonometry, multiplication and division, and for various functions, such as squares and cube roots, was developed in the late 16th century and found application in gunnery, surveying and navigation. The planimeter was a manual instrument to calculate the area of a closed figure by tracing over it with a mechanical linkage.

The slide rule was invented around — by the English clergyman William Oughtredshortly after the publication of the concept of the logarithm. It is a hand-operated analog computer for doing multiplication and division. As slide rule development progressed, added scales provided reciprocals, squares and square roots, cubes and cube roots, as well as transcendental functions such as logarithms and exponentials, circular and hyperbolic trigonometry and other functions.

Slide microsoft word 2016 definition free with special scales are still used for quick performance of routine calculations, such as the E6B circular slide rule used for time and distance calculations on light aircraft. In the s, Pierre Jaquet-Droza Swiss watchmakerbuilt a mechanical doll automaton that could write holding a quill pen.

By switching the number and order of its internal wheels different letters, and hence different messages, could be produced. In effect, it could be mechanically “programmed” to read instructions. In —, mathematician and engineer Giovanni Plana devised a Perpetual Calendar machine приведенная ссылка, which, through a system of pulleys and cylinders and over, could predict the perpetual calendar for every year from AD 0 that is, 1 BC to ADkeeping track of leap years and varying day length.

The tide-predicting machine invented by the Scottish scientist Sir William Thomson microsoft word 2016 definition free was of great utility to navigation in shallow waters. It used a system of pulleys and wires to automatically calculate predicted tide levels for a set period at a particular location.

The differential analysera mechanical analog computer designed to solve differential equations by integrationused wheel-and-disc mechanisms to perform the integration. InSir William Thomson had already discussed the possible construction of such calculators, but he had been stymied by the limited output torque of the ball-and-disk integrators. The torque amplifier was the advance that allowed microsoft office 2016 product key free download machines to work.

Starting in the s, Vannevar Bush and others developed mechanical differential analyzers. Charles Babbagean English mechanical engineer and polymathoriginated the concept of a programmable computer. Considered the ” father of the computer “, [17] he conceptualized and microsoft word 2016 definition free the first mechanical computer in the early 19th century. After working on his revolutionary difference enginedesigned microsoft word 2016 definition free aid in navigational calculations, in he realized that a much more general design, an Analytical Нажмите для продолженияwas possible.

The input of programs and data was to be provided to the machine via punched cardsa method being used at the time to direct mechanical looms such as the Jacquard loom. For output, the machine would have a printer, a curve plotter and a bell. The machine would also be able to punch numbers onto cards to be read in later. The Engine incorporated an arithmetic logic unit microsoft word 2016 definition free, control flow in the form of conditional branching and loopsand integrated memorymaking it the first design for a general-purpose computer that could be described in modern terms as Turing-complete.

The machine was about a century ahead of its time. All the parts for his machine had to be made by hand — this was a major problem for a device with thousands of parts.

Eventually, the project was dissolved with the decision of the British Government to cease funding. Babbage’s failure to complete the analytical engine can be chiefly attributed to political and financial difficulties as well as his desire to develop an increasingly sophisticated computer and to move ahead faster than anyone else could follow. Nevertheless, his son, Henry Babbagecompleted a simplified version microsoft word 2016 definition free the analytical engine’s computing unit the mill in He gave a successful demonstration of its use in computing tables in During the first half of microsoft word 2016 definition free 20th century, many scientific computing needs were met by increasingly sophisticated analog computerswhich used a direct mechanical or electrical model of the problem as a basis for computation.

However, these were not programmable and generally lacked the versatility and accuracy of modern digital computers. The differential analysera mechanical analog computer designed to solve differential equations by integration using wheel-and-disc mechanisms, was conceptualized in by James Thomsonthe elder brother of the more famous Sir William Thomson. The art of mechanical analog microsoft word 2016 definition free reached its zenith with the differential analyzerbuilt by H. This built on the mechanical integrators of James Thomson and the torque amplifiers invented by H.

A dozen of these devices were built before their obsolescence became obvious. By the s, the success of digital electronic computers had spelled the end for most analog computing machines, but analog computers remained in use during the s in some specialized applications such as education slide rule and aircraft control systems.

Bythe United States Navy had developed an electromechanical analog computer small enough to use aboard a submarine. This was the Torpedo Data Computerwhich used trigonometry to solve the problem of firing a torpedo at a moving target. During World War II similar devices were developed in other countries as well.

Early digital computers were electromechanical ; electric switches drove mechanical relays to perform the calculation. These devices had a low operating speed and were eventually superseded by much faster all-electric computers, originally using vacuum tubes. The Z2created by German engineer Konrad Zuse inwas one of the earliest examples of an electromechanical relay computer. InZuse followed his earlier machine up with the Z3the world’s first working electromechanical programmablefully microsoft word 2016 definition free digital computer.

It was quite similar to modern machines in some respects, pioneering numerous advances such as floating-point numbers. Rather than the harder-to-implement decimal system microsoft word 2016 definition free in Charles Babbage ‘s earlier designusing a binary system meant that Zuse’s machines were easier to build and potentially more reliable, given the technologies available at that time.

Zuse’s next computer, the Z4became the world’s first commercial computer; after initial delay due to the Second World War, it was completed in and delivered to the ETH Zurich. Purely electronic circuit elements soon replaced their mechanical and electromechanical equivalents, at the same time that digital calculation replaced analog.

The engineer Tommy Flowersworking at the Post Office Research Station in London in the s, began to explore the possible use of electronics for the telephone exchange.

Experimental equipment that he built in went into operation five years later, converting a portion of the telephone exchange network into an electronic data processing system, using thousands of vacuum tubes.

The German encryption machine, Enigmawas first attacked with the help of the electro-mechanical bombes which were often run by women. Colossus was the world’s first electronic digital programmable computer.

It had paper-tape input and was capable of being configured to perform a variety of boolean logical operations on its data, but it was not Turing-complete. Colossus Mark I contained 1, thermionic valves tubesbut Mark II with 2, valves, was both five times faster and simpler to operate than Mark I, greatly speeding the decoding process. Like the Colossus, a “program” on the ENIAC was defined by the states of its patch cables and switches, a far cry from the stored program electronic machines that came later.

Once a program was written, it had to be mechanically set into the machine with manual resetting of plugs and switches. It combined the high speed of electronics with the ability to be programmed for many complex problems. It could add or subtract times a second, a thousand times faster than any other machine.

It also had modules to multiply, divide, and square root. High speed memory was limited to 20 words about 80 bytes. Built under the direction of John Mauchly and J. The machine was huge, weighing 30 tons, using kilowatts of electric power and contained over 18, vacuum tubes, 1, relays, and hundreds of thousands of resistors, capacitors, and inductors. The principle of the modern computer was proposed by Alan Turing in his seminal paper, [42] On Computable Numbers.

 

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Upgrade to Microsoft Edge to take advantage of the latest features, security updates, and technical support. Table names must follow the rules for identifiers. Creates the new table as a FileTable. You do not specify columns because a FileTable has a fixed schema. For more information, see FileTables.

The column is computed from an expression that uses other columns in the same table. The expression can be a noncomputed column name, constant, function, variable, and any combination of these connected by one or more operators. The expression cannot be a subquery or contain alias data types.

Each row in a table can have different values for columns that are involved in a computed column; therefore, the computed column may not have the same value for each row. Based on the expressions that are used, the nullability of computed columns is determined automatically by the Database Engine. The result of most expressions is considered nullable even if only nonnullable columns are present, because possible underflows or overflows also produce NULL results.

For more information, see Indexes on Computed Columns. If filegroup is specified, the table is stored in the named filegroup. The filegroup must exist within the database. If “default” is specified, or if ON is not specified at all, the table is stored on the default filegroup. These constraints create indexes.

If filegroup is specified, the index is stored in the named filegroup. If “default” is specified, or if ON is not specified at all, the index is stored in the same filegroup as the table. In this context, default is not a keyword. It is an identifier for the default filegroup and must be delimited, as in ON “default” or ON [ default ].

This is the default setting. This can improve concurrency by enabling locks to escalate to partition HoBT level instead of the table. Varchar max , nvarchar max , varbinary max , xml and large UDT values are stored directly in the data row, up to a limit of 8, bytes and as long as the value can fit the record.

If the value does not fit in the record, a pointer is stored in-row and the rest is stored out of row in the LOB storage space. This partition scheme must use the same partition function and partition columns as the partition scheme for the table; otherwise, an error is raised.

For disk-based tables, the data type can be one of the following:. For more information about valid precision values, see Precision, Scale, and Length. For more information about valid scale values, see Precision, Scale, and Length. Only a constant value, such as a character string; a scalar function either a system, user-defined, or CLR function ; or NULL can be used as a default.

Must be supported in natively compiled stored procedures. When a new row is added to the table, the Database Engine provides a unique, incremental value for the column. Only one identity column can be created per table. Both the seed and increment or neither must be specified. If neither is specified, the default is 1,1. If this clause is specified for a constraint, the constraint is not enforced when replication agents perform insert, update, or delete operations.

Specifies a column used by the system to automatically record information about row versions in the table and its history table if the table is system versioned and has a history table. For more information, see updateable ledger tables and temporal tables. If you attempt to specify a column that does not meet the above data type or nullability requirements, the system will throw an error. By default, period columns are not hidden.

In order to be used, hidden columns must be explicitly included in all queries that directly reference the temporal table.

Specifies to create an index on the table. This can be a clustered index, or a nonclustered index. The index will contain the columns listed, and will sort the data in either ascending or descending order. Specifies to store the entire table in columnar format with a clustered columnstore index. This always includes all columns in the table. The data is not sorted in alphabetical or numeric order since the rows are organized to gain columnstore compression benefits.

Specifies to create a nonclustered columnstore index on the table. The underlying table can be a rowstore heap or clustered index, or it can be a clustered columnstore index. In all cases, creating a nonclustered columnstore index on a table stores a second copy of the data for the columns in the index.

The nonclustered columnstore index is stored and managed as a clustered columnstore index. It is called a nonclustered columnstore index to because the columns can be limited and it exists as a secondary index on a table. This restriction allows the Database Engine to verify uniqueness of key values within a single partition only. When you partition a non-unique, clustered index, the Database Engine by default adds the partitioning column to the list of clustered index keys, if it is not already specified.

When partitioning a non-unique, nonclustered index, the Database Engine adds the partitioning column as a non-key included column of the index, if it is not already specified.

You cannot specify a partitioning scheme on an XML index. If the base table is partitioned, the XML index uses the same partition scheme as the table. For more information about partitioning indexes, Partitioned Tables and Indexes. If no location is specified and the table or view is not partitioned, the index uses the same filegroup as the underlying table or view.

The filegroup must already exist. ON “default” Creates the specified index on the default filegroup. The term default, in this context, is not a keyword. It is an identifier for the default filegroup and must be delimited, as in ON “default” or ON [default]. Otherwise, an error is raised. Using deterministic encryption allows searching using equality comparison, grouping, and joining tables using equality joins based on encrypted values, but can also allow unauthorized users to guess information about encrypted values by examining patterns in the encrypted column.

Joining two tables on columns encrypted deterministically is only possible if both columns are encrypted using the same column encryption key. Deterministic encryption must use a column collation with a binary2 sort order for character columns.

Randomized encryption uses a method that encrypts data in a less predictable manner. Randomized encryption is more secure, but it prevents any computations and indexing on encrypted columns, unless your SQL Server instance supports Always Encrypted with secure enclaves.

Please see Always Encrypted with secure enclaves for details. If you are using Always Encrypted without secure enclaves , use deterministic encryption for columns that will be searched with parameters or grouping parameters, for example a government ID number.

Use randomized encryption, for data such as a credit card number, which is not grouped with other records or used to join tables, and which is not searched for because you use other columns such as a transaction number to find the row which contains the encrypted column of interest.

If you are using Always Encrypted with secure enclaves, randomized encryption is a recommended encryption type. For more information including feature constraints, see Always Encrypted.

The storage of sparse columns is optimized for null values. For additional restrictions and more information about sparse columns, see Use Sparse Columns. Specifies a dynamic data mask. Four functions are available:. For function parameters, see Dynamic Data Masking. Valid only for varbinary max columns. Collation name can be either a Windows collation name or an SQL collation name. If not specified, the column is assigned either the collation of the user-defined data type, if the column is of a user-defined data type, or the default collation of the database.

Constraint names must be unique within the schema to which the table belongs. For this constraint to execute, the foreign key columns must be nullable. For this constraint to execute, all foreign key columns must have default definitions. If a column is nullable, and there is no explicit default value set, NULL becomes the implicit default value of the column.

For example, in the AdventureWorks database, the ProductVendor table has a referential relationship with the Vendor table. The ProductVendor. BusinessEntityID foreign key references the Vendor. BusinessEntityID primary key. If any exist, the dependent rows in the ProductVendor table are deleted, and also the row referenced in the Vendor table.

For example, in the AdventureWorks database, the ProductVendor table has a referential relationship with the Vendor table: ProductVendor. BusinessEntity foreign key references the Vendor. If any exist, the dependent rows in the ProductVendor table are updated, and also the row referenced in the Vendor table.

CHECK Is a constraint that enforces domain integrity by limiting the possible values that can be entered into a column or columns. Alias data types cannot be part of the expression. The default is ASC. The partition scheme must exist within the database. Doing this makes sure that any CHECK constraints on partitioning columns do not have to check for null values.

User-specified fillfactor values can be from 1 through